中国死刑的历史

㈠ 关于中国死刑的历史（英文资料）

History of the murderer "shocking" sino-foreign ancient death grand art

Death is the history of human civilization, the alternative animals never to create the same pattern 100 to death. Finishing the death penalty information about the author, does not represent a cruel man, nor authors advocate the death penalty. Years later, the death penalty may die, so the knowledge about the death penalty may be human cultural heritage.
introctive

China is an ancient civilized country, as well as long history of death penalty and, in some cases, become a skill or art, I want to put my knowledge and understanding of some and discussed. Some aspects of the French people, my reference. Monet stefano material, but mostly from Chinese books.

A and chop

His head is the most classical executed, even the way as death. The most important organ cut people, people were fatally, insurance, shortcut, still can head shoplifting. Formal way is "behead" by zhang fei yan yan, said: "the chop after the prisoners and head chopped head." Anyway, this is mean. In ancient times, the devices are often axe, because the bronze after all soft, not sharp axe, and make efforts to cut down there. After the popularity of iron in chop punishment graally in the leading role, but sing, but also a sharp knife though to wear, use more requires skill, some professional ancestral executioner also arises at the historic moment. The so-called skill, is aimed at the neck vertebra gap, the prisoner, and a knife to cut the separation, if not, would not suddenly cut down the prisoner, half struggle, appear naturally embarrassing clamour and sometimes group of people will laugh at the executioner. A legend of qing dynasty, the higher requirement by post, blunt knife inmates its suffer, that is not exactly.
Who is the earliest history, I am afraid we can't been beheaded by investigation, the famous historical figures, head also don't ShengJu ring, "said one of the surviving prisoners, listening to his executioners of a knife is sharp, especially by him to leave no stone unturned to execute, a knife, fly up in the air, the head is a cheer way:" good!" Again, the separation, no respiratory organs, the light is not going to talk a head, the surviving the stories are told some HuXian ghost story, do not count. But really, sometimes for execution of nerve and reaction, fly out of the head of a mouthful bite again, to have this matter, then avowed unlucky. After entering the qing dynasty, the man left braid, to bring convenience to execution, then ask, one prisoner kneel down his body, one clench braid tried the prisoner's neck, as far as possible, convenient hangman. Elongation In addition, a Japanese invading army soldiers records, said they'd slaughter in countless times that originally kneel down in the monster was beheaded head, feet, and natural straight body can leap, so they intentionally let slain facing river, let them "jump" themselves.Cut cut and kind, the penalty is cut off, and major organ that lives, comparison, ks die slowly, some more pain. Qin qin and han dynasties, the so-called chop is halved, was originally called XiaoShou beheading. Legends of qing dynasty, because of the other ZhangTingLu halved, before his death by fraud, dip in with his own blood on the ground wrote thirteen "miserable" word, finally, word has illegible. Because ZhangTingLu wrote seven miserably, ks death from being yongzheng abolished. Someone said that success is halved, even said that he will reward of the tale of the marshes, but gold sigh before the execution and greed, said: "I'd slaughter, to pain, but also in holy sigh unintentionally, not quick zai?" If this sentence is true, then he is to cut the head instead.

Besides , axes can be used in the penal, cut is very easily, not only the back edge tool wear thick, easy, and technical requirements of low, except by the famous ancient bag of three pole, there are few such records and speculation, most propbably is too simple to operate the blade, and no head sensation, fly up in the exquisite art and aesthetic ancient officials and the audience, is very enjoyable, also reflected the tenet. Averagely

Death, the instrialization era, it is the French invention, has become a symbol of France, although other countries have adopted. While in college, I met a French film week, a movie night watching the four French, which appeared in the three parts, a guillotine is a reflection of the revolution, one is about napoleon, and a flat is called the title to the guillotine. One night, returned to dormitory look down at the door also like. However, the French invented the guillotine, the purpose is to let a person dead less pain, another purpose is popular in France, cut because of the autocratic monarchy, only the noble made death can enjoy treatment of beheading and civilians can hang, now is the guillotine grand leveller, is a kind of equality spirit. Later, the SanSeQi, MaSaiQu together with the symbol of the French revolution, and become, Louis xvi, dandong, and queen charlotte's wife, and Roland on short head, once the claim to abolish the death penalty, in his ruling robespierre once SiShiQiTian, there 1373 star head "falling like tiles", in this SiShiQiTian shortly after, he joined the ranks of the guillotine on.
Second, hanging
There are several kinds of execution, hanged, have a plenty of strangled, mostly with cords or something similar to stop breathing, let the person suffocate. Which means the noose hang in the prisoner's neck, let the prisoner with his two legs dangling the weight, let oneself death. And does not need to choke feet dangling outside, mainly through the sewers to suffocate tightening.

In ancient China, the execution, hang mostly for strangled a suicide. Of course gives death is a decent some of the death penalty, but generally can customize project, many people choose to commit suicide by hanging, called "atlas at best. China ancient times the normal practice is hanged the prisoner kneel tied in a pillar, a noose on each side of the neck, trapping a hangman, stick in the noose, then reverse direction and make a noose tight, and finally the prisoner strangled.

According to the Chinese tradition, the body hair skin, the parents, must treasure, can leave one more, also, the silver lining, therefore, not hanged relative beheaded body blood, can maintain complete, is a kind of preferential treatment. Likewise, the death penalty is hanged to light. Emperor yangdi is YuWenHuaJi etc, say: "kill one death has. He wanted to drink wine, find the solution, LingHuHang by practice, and will he sat strangled. In addition, the former qin dynasty as FuJian gold GuiWang Ming yan, etc, were strangled, and Yang is hanged on.

China still has a way of men, is put a noose around his neck, back and then run, run out of a long way, people died, northern call this "the white Wolf," Shanghai area called "NianJiu", who is back, but the way of the modern history of the technique is very long. A court in southern BeiJi bodyguards, named captain killer and LiuTaoZhi, is set back the white Wolf NianJiu experts.

With China's traditional instead of Western Europe, the ancient taken as the privilege of nobility, hanged is aimed at civilians. British Charles, Mary queen of Scots, French Louis xvi, was beheaded, if the nobles were hanged, that is not only his personal, also the whole family. At the beginning of the eighteenth century Italy, had an earl for murder was found hanging, his relatives of the regent's family, so he went to bat, at least not hanged, taken the regent said a words, then become famous saying: "shameful crimes is, rather than a gallows."

The fact is hanged, Western Europe, have filed ropes hanging in die, have a plenty of adhesion, when carrying out there, two legs are naturally. If the scaffold is France's specialty, so the British have on foot pedal activities, and they were also to the length of rope made accurate calculation, hanged a 54 kilograms of prisoners, length of rope 2.46 meters, 54.6 kg for the 95.1 kilograms, 2.40 1.55 metres. This table is too detailed list, I a. 1833, Britain was the last time a juvenile delinquents hangings, this young nine years old, was stolen a bottle of ink.

Need to supplement, ancient Chinese have a kind of punishment is made, let prisoners were standing in a cage, the neck is living, foot can impending were also can not suspended. In a word can be suspended, if the dead hour left foot a stone, death can quickly, if the foot hold, that is, at least within one day will not die, time and again to support the feet long, will die, the LaoCan childe once wrote in detail, had the interest friend to go through. This is also a stop breathing and death, can calculate the varieties, the principle of execution, just different tools. Some of the paddy wagon, let GuZhuangPian prisoner stood inside, actually this are obtained, then the paddy wagon is let prisoners sit inside, of course, though not fatal sat, and very uncomfortable.
Third, the poison
Because of its poison, often used in the covert assassination or commit suicide, if you use it to execution, should say more than hanging more respectable, in China, humanity is usually given death can enjoy the emperor. Archaeologists discovered that he was BiSi qin shihuang Zhen drank wine, it is a kind of bird feathers, Zhen toxic, lethal poison wen-yen, so often called "Zhen". But now, biologists seems not seen in Zhen this bird records.

Besides the so-called Zhen, common poison have peacock bravery, crane, etc. These beautiful birds are toxic, arsenic is used at the poison. The tang dynasty KuLi sent by queen killed once overthrew wu zhou, the five Kings YuanShuJi "SuFu gold, using force of poison to drink, juice, be given rise to anger, Bang poison, claws, beat out a sword." I served the word in gold, maybe he did not understand the class, but is healing stone poison juice although painful, but also offers pulled by other means, finally is enough to kill the spirit.

Also in the record was a gold gap, wine with this is to the south of death, but it isn't a kind of poison, perhaps it is TunJin belongs to die, but both have similarities, just also listed in, also has the scholar said TunJin may not be fatal, past TunJin refers to mercury, if gold gap, the wine is mercury toxic mercury pour indeed.

In the west, is the most famous people put poison is Socrates, he was sentenced to drink juice of a kind of poison, parsley is just one die feel sleepy after losing consciousness, went into death. This is a Greek era in death, all over the world to find design lets a person dead more terrorist more painful, it is a god-given humanitarian lamp, although Socrates was accused of crimes in looks very funny.
In many misunderstandings, poison, although many people died of murder or commit suicide, I still want to take them to make some clarification, for example: first, the peacock bravery, crane is poison, the name of the object, but not all is legendary poison, Second, the ham ray of the mercury in the ears of death is absurd, such doing can damage eardrum, but not death-dealing because mercury from nasal, mercury into the esophagus causes mercury poisoning, rather than the intestines of legend people fall, Third, DaZhongMa novels that can increase the amount of arsenic armor against toxicity is nonsense, a long served arsenic poisoning can cause chronic, napoleon's death by British people like to kill.

Four, or punishment

The man, after all is drown into drown, on the one hand, do so simple, on the other hand, many people think water washing one's sin, so that punishment in the world record.

For example, northern hu's queen was thrown into the river ZhuRong drowned, During the late tang dynasty ZhuWen kill them, but also the chancellor threw into the Yellow River, he said: "your pretence, today I'm going to let our you become turbidity-current." After the death of Mongolia, the queen of the ruling for two years, is ever lost took the throne. Meerkats etc ring his trial, ordered stripped the lost of clothes, sea lost rebuked them say: "my flesh, only the first emperor, you have what things?" Finally the sea was lost in the bag, make carpet is thrown into a river. As to the end of the qing dynasty to now also ZhenFei, leaving deep well for people. Still? The murder, the witch, and threw it into the river, disciple is actually addicted in practice.
Ming yongle XieJin wit, against the emperor was put in prison, and after a long time, cheng zhu accidental list in the prisoner, and saw his name freely asked a sentence: "XieJin didn't ° yet dead?" The words of a careless word may XieJin to kill, he was DaoCha died in a snow-bank. Such die of drowning, buried and between the snow is between the water because cured him, I also was drowned in people.

Later, when the underworld in Shanghai, often USES the murder victim on stone into the river and drowned, they have devised a poetic name: a lotus. Any, looks elegant and even a bit like a sissy from Shanghai, in this respect is very creative, in addition to the above mentioned NianJiu "back", "lotus", and put a man rob money grilled called off clothes, "if you are the man that is scratched off", "girl called" pigs off, "child" sheep HuSun off." Besides, still some poetic humor.

Continue on the topics we drown type, some of the world, not only the national water as the executor of the death penalty, but also the water as judges, ancient Greek heroes lore, the argonauts Dana Ann and her children were thrown into the sea, the waves on the shore, the mother and therefore considered innocent, forgiven.

Like so many things, the lucky few row is either placed into his pocket, either to bind feet, or bind stone, and then being thrown into the water. British people have a kind of special or punishment, is tied to the seaside, waiting for the prisoners, sea tide when the people flooded bit by bit. The russians in tuen mun river in China has a civilian braid tied together into heilongjiang. When the French revolution or punishment to the utmost, China correspondent development in compiling the king of rebellion for party a has made the ship bottom activities, can let a person fall into water, he took the child and collective drowning, reason is "don't let the Wolf cubs grew into a Wolf". Then he made the emperor napoleon's secret police leader, later napoleon, he failed in the persecution of conspiracy, and finally napoleon abdicated his old job for restoration, dry and executed for the imperial napoleon Bonaparte came.
Five, buried alive

In ancient China, the elegant name is buried "hole", ChangPing massacre in four qin zhao method is "hole", discusses the qin Confucian to deal with "hole", on the eve of the qin dynasty perish, chu overlord xiang came under ZhangHan disposal and 200,000 pawn "hole", seem to rise, qin dynasty and its destruction, with a "hole" word.

Buried alive is to bury in the soil, the thick mud plugged the respiratory system, make the person suffocate in today, it seems, is very cruel. Again, there are the benefits of buried buried, a large operation, the process can be simpler, 2 can be forced to dig themselves were killed, dig a hole does not need any special skills, China is a great agricultural country, people will have to dig, Three is not as large as punishment, or implementation of environmental pollution and reveal the truth is, to ensure that no one can change escape, Four is low; the cost of absolute Five is seldom able to escape.

Because there are so many advantages, qin shihuang before and after long years, buried alive has been ignored. Some of the shang dynasty unearthed from the grave, people can see hundreds of thousands of buried alive, some put the bones, estimation is very after killing, and some are put in an extreme distortion, that was alive and threw them. TaBaShi rise in north slope, ginseng adds up to a postwar mass killings HouYan prisoners, in fact they are xianbei people.

Buried alive and not the quintessence of Chinese culture and history from Rome is buried. According to legend, a virgin to serve god with Mars, the twins, violated the plattorn supposed to the regulations, the name of the virgin was fined silvia buried, and her two children were thrown into the wilderness, by a female Wolf, the brothers raised a roma. A call, after they were eager to Rome built a night. The Inca empire in the americas, serve the sun saint infidelity, if will also be buried alive. In medieval Europe, female sometimes not hanged but buried alive, because the eyes, DaoDeGu from a woman is not in the gallows flap about something. Etiquette,

China has a similar buried alive, that is the death of the wet nose and mouth, SangPiZhi covered with the purpose to suffocate. This is very decent dies, only the royal staff and senior noble only entitled, small people, just wait. Or hanging head

Hear Khmer rouge also invented a similar execution-a, that is a plastic bags in one head, also can have the effect of SangPiZhi, murder weapon is multifarious, we buy vegetables, the most common use of plastic bags, but also has another kind of function.
Six, starve to death
People's living, breathing, but the most important is the food. So once don't eat not to drink, or drink too much, and will die, the truth, and naturally in self-evident for life deprived process.

The people starved to death, was the first in the primitive society, people lose labor ability to support the old man or abandoned children in the wild. In ancient China, starve often also is a kind of kindness, for example, wu zetian's son-in-law XueShao family plot against the queen in the family, and was put to death, because the land is XueShao princess, because of her husband in jail was starved to death, have a whole corpse.

As punishment for implementation of starvation, often used in many historical records on. The west is executed, lu ZhaoWangYou his hunger, LiuYou hungry when listless interest to a poem, a few words: "in jie not regret, xi ning early appease the king and starve xi lu? Who frets of Daniel's revenge day xi rejects!" The shiji says he died for "death".

Han emperor offered by CaoCaoPa fell from the palace queen, her hair and dragged out to offer, crying, barefoot emperor said: "don't help me alive?" Poor han emperor offer only said: "I don't know when to life?" The queen was sent to the wild fell dead, but also quiet room starved to death.

The most shocking is jia, she ordered at south is nominally mother-in-law Yang empress, Yang callings for waste from the queen mother PangShi forcibly removed by pulling the die, Yang empress hungry eight genius, because be afraid starve to jin Yang empress wu will dead, Yang's back down and put a spell burial, drugs, etc. Fortunately, there also revealing the south in the custody of the city was queen JinYong Yang poisoning.

Foreign history also has many people starved to death, the disposal of a medieval called "terrorist pear" devices, copper iron type, metal pieces together, there is the piriform spring and screw, into the mouth, then start switch can like flower open, make the person can shout, of course, also cannot drink. At that time, "terrorist pear is very wide, not only use" into the mouth, but also can plug into the anal or vaginal can.

Drink too much to starve to death, and can be deadly, Rome had someone give up drinking water, then put his penis tied, but the trick is to fill the prisoner belly stopped the anus. In the 1930s, the Spanish civil war in someone invented by cement rectums method of execution.

*************(There was not enough space)

㈡ 中国历史上有废除过死刑的朝代吗废死真的能成功吗

中国历史上没有废抄除死刑的朝代，

秦朝，最有名的商鞅就是被五马分尸的。所以秦代有死型。
汉代，汉景帝时的晁错，腰斩于市。所以，汉代有死型。东汉就不说了，外戚争来争去的，不知道杀了多少人。有多少冤狱。
三国时代，魏、蜀、吴三国都有死型。孔明斩马谡，曹操屠徐州，诸葛恪被夷灭三族。这些都是例证。
两晋，最有名的毒女人贾南风，制造的冤案很多，基本上都是死刑。
南北朝是混乱时期，越是混乱的时候，越是重杀罚，死刑就越是用的厉害。

隋朝，高颎算是当时的一个冤案，死刑，子女流放。
唐朝，仅武则天时代就有四大冤案，杀了多少人啊。
五代十国，军阀混战，没有死刑不可能。
宋朝，最有名的抗金名将，岳飞就是死刑。

与宋同时的，辽与金。也是有死刑的。
元朝，蒙古人杀死一个汉人，只要缴一头毛驴的价钱。这样的朝代，不可能没有死刑。
明朝，先是朱元璋用死刑杀了无数官员，再是方孝孺被灭十族。
清朝，乾隆年前的文字狱用死刑快把读书人的骨气都杀没了。后期的戊戌六君子都是斩头的。
民国，有死刑。
从上面看，中国历代都是有死型的。至于秦以前的，周，商，夏这三代朝代，肯定是有死刑的。

废除死刑，是社会进步与人性化的一种体现。随着社会的进步与发展，应该可以实现的。

㈢ 中国最初的死刑制度可以追溯到什么时候

死刑并不是复自古以来就存在的，但制是在中国历史中，死刑作为最严酷的刑罚，出现的非常早。传说中的三皇时代，惩罚违反风俗习惯行为的方法是扑“掷”（打不出原字，提手旁一个“失”）和放逐，并不存在死刑和肉刑。直至五帝时代，即是在邦人私有制出现后，就已经有了死刑。根据《尚书

㈣ 中国古代从一开始就有死刑吗包括三皇五帝时期！

奴隶制五刑是指墨、劓（音易）、刖（音月）、宫、大辟。
封建制五刑指笞、杖、徒、流、死。
墨刑又叫做黥（音晴）刑，先割破人的面部，然后涂墨，伤好后留下深色的伤疤。
劓，即割鼻子，汉文帝废除肉刑后，用笞三百代替，后来，又减少了笞数。此后，该刑不再出现。
刖，夏朝称膑，周时称刖。是指斩掉左脚、右脚或者斩双脚。有的说称膑是去掉膝盖骨。秦朝称为斩趾。
宫，又叫淫刑、腐刑、蚕室刑。开始是惩罚那些有***行为人，后来处此刑的人与***无关。宫刑是五刑中仅次于死刑的一种重刑。东汉时曾经用这种刑罚来作为死罪减等刑。隋朝法律正式废除。
大辟
大辟，即死刑。秦汉以前的死刑种类很多，如戮、烹、车裂（五马分尸）、枭首（砍头后悬挂示众）、弃市（闹市斩首后暴尸于众）、绞、陵迟（也写作凌迟）等。

中国死刑渊源，通说认为：死刑以原始“食人”习惯为渊源。我国古籍中素有“古人相食”的传说：“近佛国遇有商船至其国，群起擒之，以巨竹夹而烧食之。”在上个世纪，南美大陆和太平洋岛屿中的一些土著人中还存在着食人的现象，这的确可以说明，“古人相食”的传说并非虚构。据蔡枢衡先生考证：死刑与远古时期食人兼惩罚的习惯有关。五帝时期有五种死刑，其中有一种叫“有邦”，即用火烧熟后食之。宁汉林先生进一步指出：“有邦确实烧炙。也就是用火将罪犯烤死，并将其肉烤熟，然后将其吃掉”。这是最野蛮的死刑，显然是原始社会吃人旧俗而采用的死刑。
笔者认为，通说有不妥之处：第一，我们姑且认为“有邦”与原始社会“食人”的习俗具有因袭关系，其实也只能说明五帝时代这一种死刑是由原始“食人”习惯演变而来，而未能说明其他四种死刑渊源。第二，蔡枢衡先生所指的“有邦”，是《尚书·皋陶》中记述的“有邦”、“兢兢”、“业业”、“一日”、“二日”五种死刑之一，属于黄河中上游以黄帝为盟主的各部落的刑罚体系，与黄河中下游的以蚩尤为盟主的各部落的刑罚体系，即《尚书·吕刑》中记述的“大辟、劓、刖、宫、黔”五种刑罚显然不同。由此可见，以“有邦”为源考证，并不能全面说明中国原始社会整个刑罚体系中“死刑”的渊源，有失偏颇。因此，死刑的渊源在于原始“食人”习惯，至少不是对死刑渊源的完整说明。
笔者认为，中国最初的死刑从战争行为中产生。首先，中国的刑罚是战争的产物，即“刑起于兵”“兵之于刑，二而一也。”在中国古代文献中，法律一般称为“刑”，战争(征战)则称为“兵”。法律与战争的关系也就是“刑”与“兵”的关系。我国历来就有“刑始于兵”的说法。《汉书·刑法志》说：“大刑用甲兵，其次用斧钺；中刑用刀据，其次用钻笮；簿刑用鞭扑。大者陈之原野，小者致之市朝。其所繇来者上矣。”“甲兵”、“斧钺”是兵器，也是斩杀俘虏的工具，原野即战场。以兵器为刑具，以战场为刑场。后世认为军事、刑罚两者不应混合，可是在古人眼里却是一回事。《汉书·刑法志》顾名思义是讲刑法的，但近一半的篇幅大谈古代的军制、军赋和兵法。可见，古代“兵”“刑”一源，直至汉代仍为人们所熟知。最早的刑罚导源于氏族社会的血族复仇或部族之间的战争。据古史传说，华夏族在通向文明的大道上，曾发生过三次大规模的战争，即共工和蚩尤之战、黄帝和蚩尤之战、黄帝与炎帝之战，这些传说中的部族为了掠夺财富、侵占土地，展开了激烈的争夺和频繁的征战。到尧舜时代，甚至夏、商、周三代，一族一姓的兴衰也是和征战息息相关的。战争成了经常性职业，“法律主要就是借助征战这种特殊形式而慢慢形成的。”史前时期，中国古代刑法的几种主要刑罚形式有死刑、肉刑(亦称创刑，方法有劓、膑、黥、宫等)和流放之刑(即废刑)，次要的还有鞭扑之刑等，它们大都在部族征战中出现和使用，最起码和征战有密切的关系。例如死刑中的“殛”，传说是在黄帝部族与蚩尤部族大战中发明的。蚩尤战败，黄帝以“蚩支”方式制裁。据蔡枢衡先生考证，“蚩支”字由蚩、支二字组成，蚩指蚩尤，支是击，击是治，亦即杀蚩支，就是刺杀蚩尤。由于在古文字里，“蚩支”、“殛”同音转假，词异而义同，故而“蚩支”变为殛，而殛、刺相通，殛就是刺杀，殛成为史前最重要的死刑。黄帝时的刑罚依据的是传说，难以全信，而《尚书·尧典》说：“象以典刑；流宥五刑；鞭作宫刑；扑作教刑；金作赎刑。”据李衡梅先生考证是可信的。恩格斯也指出：“我们今日的死刑”是“血族复仇”的“文明形式”。“刑起于兵”，毋庸置疑。
既然“刑起于兵”毋庸质疑，那么死刑的渊源也只有从战争的行为中探求：在远古时代，战争中的核心行为是杀敌与伤敌，这似乎是对中国最初的刑罚体系以死列与肉刑为中心作了最好的诠释。死刑是杀人，战争中的杀敌也是杀人；肉刑是毁人身体，战争中的伤敌也是毁人身体。战争中的杀敌、伤敌行为与作为刑罚的死刑、肉刑如此相似，是否足以说明前者便是后者的渊源?这一推论当然还不足让人信服，那么，“大刑用甲兵，其次用斧钺”中的“斧钺”，“中刑用刀锯，其次用钻凿”中的“刀锯”与“钻凿”本指兵器，却被借代指死刑与肉刑，不正说明了战争行为向刑罚方法转化的过程吗?
综上所述，中国古代的刑罚产生于战争的需要，战争是中国古代死刑产生的直接原因。死刑在平时的适用，只不过是对产生于战争之需的死刑的认可和沿袭。因此，战争中的杀敌、伤敌行为，是中国死刑的渊源。
一是完全以史学为根据。《商君书·画策》载：“皇帝内行刀锯”，《尚书·皋陶》所载：五帝时代所存在的“有邦”、“兢兢”、“业业”、“一日”、“二日”均系死刑，而同时存在的“聪聪”、“明畏”系肉刑，这些足以证明五帝时代便存在死刑与肉刑。这些史料经过训诂、考辩，从而证明中国死刑起源于尧舜时期，死刑与肉刑的产生是刑罚形成的标志。
二是以阶级分析的方法推定真正意义上的刑罚产生于作为第一个奴隶制国家的夏朝。据此，三皇五帝时代纵然存在某些行为规范与制裁性手段，其也只属原始习惯的范畴，而不具有作为阶级意志体现的由国家制订或认可的法律意义，因而不属法律与刑罚的范畴。而作为法律制裁意义上的刑罚只能起源于夏朝，相应的，死刑的产生也应以夏朝为E限。
三是折衷说：包括死刑在内的刑罚萌发于尧舜时期，完备于夏朝。其根据是，处于社会末期的尧舜时代，虽然还没有形成统一的部落国家，但私有财产和阶级均已出现，因此，自尧舜时代至夏朝是国家于私有制形成的阶段。在这一过
程中，完全可能产生某些刑罚性质的强行性规范来打击“犯罪”——即所谓的“奸行”。而这些强行性规范，在国家形成之后，经过统治阶级的改造与认可，便成为作为维护私有制统治的刑罚。因此，如以死刑的草创为标志，死刑的产生时间应定为尧舜时期，如以死刑的完备为标志，则死刑的产生时间应定在夏朝。
笔者认为，以上三说，第二说的不合理性是显而易见的，因其关于中国刑罚起源于夏朝的主张，明显不符合有据可察的历史事实。大量史料记载充分证明，在夏以前的尧舜时代，即存在比较完备的刑罚手段，死刑也是其中之一。如《图书集成祥刑典》记载：“帝共命舜居摄，制五刑……”这表明，在尧舜时期，即创制有五种刑罚方法构成的刑罚体系。这一记载，为《能鉴前编》所载：“帝尧七十有六载制五刑”所印证。同样，《尚书舜典》所载“五刑有服”，《竹书纪年》所载“帝舜三年，命皋陶作刑”，《左传召公十四年》所载：“夏书曰：昏、墨、贼、杀，皋陶之刑也。”彼此印证，相互一致地证明了在舜时不仅有了作为惩罚罪恶之手段的刑罚，而且死刑也是这一时期的刑罚之一。第二说“无视众多史料的记述，而仅仅以‘没有国家就没有法律’为据，简单推论夏朝之前不存在刑法和刑罚，显然不是基于客观史实之上的结论，而只不过是主观成见的产物。”

㈤ 中国历史上最残酷的死刑有哪些

炮烙之刑 车裂之刑 凌迟之刑 …现代的刑罚比如FBI使用的水刑，看似毫无暴力，但却更能摧毁人的意志

㈥ 中国历史上极刑有那些

剥皮

剥的时候由脊椎下刀，一刀把背部皮肤分成两半，慢慢用刀分开皮肤跟肌肉，像蝴蝶展翅一样的撕开来。。最难的是胖子，因为皮肤和肌肉之间还有一堆油，不好分开。
另外还有一种剥法，不知道可信度多少。方法是把人埋在土里，只露出一颗脑袋，在头顶用刀割个十字，把头皮拉开以后，向里面灌水银下去。由于水银比重很重，会把肌肉跟皮肤拉扯开来，埋在土里的人会痛得不停扭动，又无法挣脱，最后身体会从从定的那个口「光溜溜」的跳出来，只剩下一张皮留在土里。。。

皮剥下来之后制成两面鼓，挂在衙门口，以昭炯戒。最早的剥皮是死后才剥，后来发展成活剥。

腰斩

由于腰斩是把人从中间切开，而主要的器官都在上半身，因此犯人不会一下子就死，斩完以后还会神智清醒，得过好一段时间才会断气。

明成祖杀方孝孺就是用腰斩，传说一刀下去之后，方孝孺还以肘撑地爬行，以手沾血连书「篡」字，一共写了十二个半才断气车裂即五马分尸，很简单，就是把受刑人的头跟四肢套上绳子，由五匹快马拉着向五个方向急奔，把人撕成六块。

记得商鞅就是受五马分尸之刑。

要把人的头跟四肢砍下来都得花不少力气，更何况是用拉扯的。而受刑人身受的苦处更可想而知。真到撕开的时候，恐怕受刑人已经不会觉得痛苦了。痛苦的是正在拉扯的时候。

俱五刑

把砍头，刖，割手，挖眼，割耳和一，即「大卸八块」，通常是把人杀死以后，才把人的头、手脚剁下来，再把躯干剁成三块。

汉高祖死后，吕后把他的宠妾如意夫人抓来，剁去手脚，割掉鼻子耳朵舌头，眼睛挖出，丢在猪圈里喂养，取名「人彘」。结果吕后自己的儿子看到，给活活吓死。。。凌迟最早是把人杀死之后再剁成肉酱，称为「醢」，受过此刑的记得有子路，还有周文王的长子伯邑考。

后来发展更加精细，目的还是要让犯人受最大的痛苦，因此不但是活的时候施刑，还要求受刑人必须身受多少刀以后才死。

据说发展到后来，每次凌迟要由两个人执行，从脚开始割，一共要割一千刀，也就是要割下一千片肉片才准犯人断气。而据说犯人若未割满一千刀就断了气，执行人也要受刑。发展成“死刑的艺术”而受此刑最有名的人就是大太监刘谨，听说一共割了三天才让他断气。。。而最惨的是明末抗清名将袁崇焕，因为崇桢皇帝中了反间计，误以为他通敌卖国，判他凌迟处死，行刑前以鱼网覆身（让肌肉突出以便下刀），游街示众，被北京城无知的民众冲上前去，把他的肉一块一块咬下来。。。那种心理的痛恐怕远高于生理的痛。

这是明清的正式刑之一。

缢首

在国外，绞刑是普遍使用的刑罚。

中国人的绞刑是用弓弦缢杀。。。就是把弓套在受刑人脖子上，弓弦朝前，行刑人在后面开始旋转那张弓，弓越转越紧，受刑人的气就越来越少，最后终于断气。。。岳飞父子就是这样死在风波亭，（因为他是功臣，不能斩首，要留全尸）而明末流亡的桂王也是这样给吴三桂亲手缢杀。。。烹煮即「请君入瓮」那是唐朝时代，武则天当皇帝的时候，朝中有位酷吏叫来俊臣，崇尚严刑峻法，对不肯招供的犯人往往以酷刑对待。

方法是找个大瓮，把人塞进去，然后在瓮下面用柴火加热。温度越来越高，受刑人也越来越受不了，如果不肯招供的话，往往就被烧死在瓮里。。。后来武则天听说了这件事，就把来俊臣找来，问他犯人不肯招供要怎么办？来俊臣很得意的把这个方法说了出来，武则天就淡淡的说了句：「则请君入瓮」，把来俊臣烧死。。。宫刑司马迁就是受了宫刑，才会写出史记，也才会在「报任少卿书」里写出「身直为闺阁之臣」这样的句子。

中国人的阉割可讲究了。首先要拿绳子把小弟弟绑起来（包括子孙袋）让血液不流通，自然坏死，后拿利刃一刀子割掉（全部喔！不是只有小弟弟）。割掉了以后拿香灰一盖，止血，还得拿根鹅毛插在尿道里。等过了几天把鹅毛拿掉，如果尿得出来，阉割就算成功了。要是尿不出来，那个人就算废了，大概最后会死于尿毒症吧。

所以如果是要阉来当宦官的话，最好趁年纪还小就阉掉，年纪大了危险性高很多。

此刑常被贵族冲抵死刑。

相对的女性为“幽闭”

刖刑

关于刖刑，大家的说法不太一样。

有人说是把膝盖以下都砍掉，也有人说是把膝盖骨削掉，以后者比较可信。

总之，刖刑是一种类似截肢的酷刑。

战国时代，孙膑受师兄陷害，受的就是刖刑。√邓直纠唇兴锉觯苄讨螅鸥奈铩鸽鳌埂！
如果是把膝盖骨削掉，大腿小腿之间失去了保护，这个人可能连站都站不起来，所以稗官野史上说，孙膑受刑之后，上阵打仗连骑马都没办法，必须要坐车（马车或人力车）。

插针

用针插手指甲缝。常用于女囚

活埋

活埋是战争时常用的手段。因为省力，速度也快。

战争里的活埋，都是叫战俘自己挖坑，有时会先杀死俘虏再把他们推下去，但时间不够的时候（或是要省子弹时），就直接把他们推进去以后盖土。中国的酷刑中，活埋古已有之。不过没听过有什么名人受过这种刑罚。比较狠一点的，会把人直挺挺的埋在土里，只露出一个头，然后开始凌虐。。鸩毒鸩毒大概算是酷刑之中唯一比较人道的方式。。。。

中国古代的毒药中，最有名的应该是「鸠」这种毒药，成语中的「饮鸠止渴」便是源自于此。

常用于赐死情况

棍刑

即木桩刑。

这里要说的棍刑，不是用棍子打人。这里说的棍刑，是拿根棍子直接从人的嘴或肛门里插进去，整根没入，穿破胃肠，让人死得苦不堪言。

正史上没有看过用这种刑罚的记载，不过金庸小说「侠客行」里有提到，还给这种酷刑起了个美名叫「开口笑」。

锯割

把人用铁锯活活锯死，其惨状似乎与凌迟、剥皮也在伯仲之间，难怪在地狱酷刑中，就专门有把人锯开的酷刑。然而，锯死活人不仅在传说的地狱中存在，在人间也是确确实实存在着的。据《三国志．吴书．孙皓传》记载，三国时，吴帝孙皓的爱妾指使近侍到集市上抢夺百姓的财物，主管集市贸易的中郎将陈声原是孙皓的宠臣，他捕获抢劫者绳之以法。爱妾告诉孙皓，孙皓大怒，假借其他事端逮捕陈声，命里武士而烧红的大锯锯断陈声的头，把他的尸体投到四望台下。

断椎

当一个人对另一个人仇恨之极时，往往会想到要打断他的脊椎骨。打断脊椎骨确实是一种很解气的行为，因为人的脊梁骨若是断了，他也就一命呜呼了。

在中国历史上，断椎也是一种很重要的酷刑。据《商君书．赏刑篇》载，春秋时姬重耳打算明文规定刑律，使国内百姓人人守法，就和大夫们一同商议。

姬重耳的著名朝臣颠颉很晚才到，有人认为颠颉有罪，应该给以处罚。于是，姬重耳批准，将颠颉断椎处死。晋国的士大夫们都非常害怕，他们说：颠颉跟随姬重耳流亡列国十九年，功劳很大，现在偶尔有小过尚且受到如此严厉的刑罚，何况我们哪？从此人人畏刑守法。

灌铅

在佛教关于阎罗的故事中，有阎罗黑白二相的说法，白相即为地狱之主，有百官所命，美女围侍；黑相即每天有两个时辰，要受铜汁灌肠之苦。

与此相似，人间有灌锡或灌铅的酷刑。锡的熔点是摄氏二三二度，铅的熔点是摄氏三二七点四度，无论灌锡或灌铅都能把人烫死。而且溶化的锡或铅一入肚腹就会凝固成硬块，这种重金属的坠力也能致人死命。

汉代厂川王刘去的王后阳城昭信妒忌而暴虐。刘去宠爱另一位名叫荣爱的美姬，多次和她一块饮酒，昭信妒性大发，就向刘去说：“荣爱看人时，神色有些不正常，大概是和谁有私情”。

刘去信以为真，他见荣爱正在给他绣衣领上的花纹，就一怒之下夺过衣服投进火中烧掉了。荣爱见刘去生气，非常害怕，投井寻死，刘去命令人把她捞出来，不幸没有死。

刘去杖责荣爱，＼＊＼＊＼＊她招认私情，荣爱受刑不过，胡乱说出和医生有奸情。刘去越发恼怒，就把荣爱绑在柱子上，用烧红的尖刀剜掉她的两只眼珠，再割下她的两条大腿上的肉，最后用溶化的铅灌入她的口中，这样一直把荣爱摧残至死。

梳洗

这里说的梳洗并不是女子的梳妆打扮，而是一种极为残酷的刑罚，它指的是用铁刷子把人身上的肉一下一下地抓梳下来，直至肉尽骨露，最终咽气。

梳洗之刑的真正发明者是朱元璋，据沈文的《圣君初政记》记载，实施梳洗之刑时，刽子手把犯人剥光衣服，裸体放在铁床上，用滚开的水往他的身上浇几遍，然后用铁刷子一下一下地刷去他身上的皮肉。就像民间杀猪用开水烫过之后去毛一般，直到把皮肉刷尽，露出白骨，而受刑的人等不到最后早就气绝身亡了。梳洗之刑与凌迟有异曲同工之妙。据《旧唐书．桓彦范传》记载，武三思曾派周利贞逮捕桓彦范，把他在竹槎上曳来曳去，肉被尽，露出白骨，然后又把他杖杀。

㈦ 新中国历史上死刑犯越狱事件

1、马汉庆、1991年，他从云南购买了两把军用手枪和子弹。1996年在武汉作案后，慑于警方追捕，他带着赃款一路逃窜，先后流窜到重庆、成都、海口、广州等地，1997年落1三亚，并与一湖南籍女子一起生活。2004年，被警方在三亚抓获。

2、东北二王王宗方、王宗玮兄弟二人“二王”是沈阳人，名王宗方、王宗玮，为兄弟二人。1983年2月12日中午，王宗方、王宗玮混入沈阳空军463医院。王宗方撬开小卖部房门，入室盗窃，王宗玮在外放哨。

此时，医院人员发现王宗玮形迹可疑，将他带到医院外科室盘查，后又抓住企图逃跑的王宗方。王宗玮趁机开枪打死医院人员周仕民，又闯入隔壁房间，打死3人打伤人，“二王”匆忙逃窜。公安机关为抓捕“二王”，鄂、湘、赣、皖、豫等南部重点省组织大规模调查追踪。1983年9月13日二人在江西广昌县被发现，当地军警配合，于1983年9月18日将“二王”击杀。据了解，“二王”一路流亡反抗致使干警群众死伤二十余人。

3、周克华周克华，男，1970年2月6日出生，汉族，初中文化，重庆市沙坪坝区井口镇二塘村人，身高1.67米，曾因贩卖枪支服刑。苏湘渝系列持枪抢劫杀人案制造者，公安部a级通缉犯。自“1-6南京枪击抢劫案”后，公安部明确：“1·6”南京枪击劫案，与此前湖南长沙、重庆发生的6起持枪抢劫杀人案，均系同一犯罪嫌疑人所为。

周克华从2004年开始持枪抢劫杀人，八年间，游荡3省，杀害10人，伤6人。2012年8月10日，上午9点34分，此案犯再次在重庆沙坪坝区凤鸣山康居苑中国银行储蓄所门前实施枪击抢劫，造成一死两伤。后警方查证明确：案犯系周克华。8月14日凌晨6时50分，周克华在重庆沙坪坝区童家桥一带被警方击毙。

4、魏振海山东人。魏振海绰号“小黑”，曾是西安“道北”黑道所熟知的“老大”。1986年10月20日下午，魏振海穿着警服冒充公安持枪杀人并抢走3.6万元巨款。就在公安机关展开侦破的同时，西安莲湖区又发生伤人案，两兄妹受伤，歹徒逃离时公然向围追人群开枪。两个月后，北郊炕底寨又现杀人碎尸案。牵涉3条人命。1987年6月30日，魏振海被抓获。1988年3月28日，这个25岁的死刑犯越狱。

1989年11月25日，魏振海再次作案，杀害个体烟贩岳德林，抢劫现金13.8万元。两民警赶到试图堵门抓捕，竟遭魏振海手榴弹袭击。1990年1月30日，魏振海越狱两年后再度落网。3月20日早晨，背负11条人命的魏振海被枪决。

5、白宝山白宝山是北京市石景山人，1958年出生于河北省徐水县，是一个只上过3年学却有些很高智商和极高的反侦查能力的悍匪。1997年中国头号罪犯。自1996年3月起的两年时间内，白宝山袭警抢枪、杀人抢钱，曾在北京、河北、新疆等地作案多起，持“五六”式半自动步枪、“八一”式自动步枪、“五四”式手枪，先后杀害军人、警察和无辜群众17人，击伤15人，抢钱140余万元，并在狱中先后杀害2人，是建国以来罕见的悍匪。1998年4月，白宝山被执行枪决。

6、雷国民安徽省桐城人。从1992年到2001年4月，雷国民先后单独或伙同他人，在广东、福建、江西、安徽、江苏、云南、吉林等地，抢劫作案15起，杀害无辜群众20人，重伤4人，劫得现金350余万元，各类车辆8辆和一批金首饰。2001年12月28日，雷国民被核准死刑后，执行了枪决。

7、龙治民陕西省商洛人。20年前，这个人制造了新中国最大的个人恶性杀人案-48条人命148具尸体就埋在自己家的院子里面。1985年5月28日，龙治民被捕。、

8、张君湖南省常德人。新中国成立以来罕见的暴力集团犯罪张君、李泽军特大系列抢劫杀人案犯罪团伙主犯，自1991年6月至2000年9月，在重庆、湖南、湖北三省市等地持械抢劫、故意杀人、抢劫枪支弹药22次，致28人死亡、5人重伤、15人轻伤、2人轻微伤，劫得财物价值人民币536.9万元。

其中，1997年l1月27日，张君、李泽军、严若明持枪抢劫长沙市友谊商城黄金柜台，致2人死亡、1人轻伤、1人轻微伤，抢得黄金饰品价值人民币137.2万元；2000年9月1日，张君、李泽军、陈世清、赵正洪在湖南省常德市持枪抢劫常德农业银行北站分理处运钞车，致7人死亡、4人轻伤、1人轻微伤，劫得经警微型冲锋枪2支及其子弹20发。2000年9月21日，张君在重庆被捕。2001年5月20日，张君被押赴刑场执行枪决。

9、杨新海河南省正阳县人。1990年前后，先后到过山西、河北等地，在一些煤矿、建筑队上打工，期间因盗窃、强奸被2次劳教，1次判刑。从2000年9月起直至2003年8月，杨新海曾横跨皖豫鲁冀4省，疯狂作案26起，杀死67人，伤10人，强奸23人。

(7)中国死刑的历史扩展阅读：

死刑，也称为极刑、处决、生命刑。是世界上最古老的刑罚之一，指行刑者基于法律所赋予的权力，结束一个犯人的生命。

遭受这种剥夺生命的刑罚方法的有关犯人通常都在当地犯了严重罪行。尽管这“严重罪行”的定义时常有争议，但在现时保有死刑的国家中，一般来说，“谋杀”必然是犯人被判死刑的其中一个重要理由。

《刑法修正案》9中：执行死刑条件由如果故意犯罪，查证属实，等发生重大犯罪，手段极其残忍，社会影响极其恶劣，如故意杀人，勒索，绑架，抢劫，强奸，贩毒，等危害国家的都有可能会执行死刑。

参考资料：网络—死刑