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世界历史美版

发布时间:2021-02-04 01:22:46

⑴ 英文版瑞士历史介绍,最好附上中文,急急急急

国名:瑞士联邦 (Swiss Confederation)
Switzerland is also known as "Confoederatio Helvetica", therefore the abbreviation CH. "Confoederatio" stands for "confederation", "Helvetica" derives from the Latin word "Helvetier", the name of the people who lived in the area which became later Switzerland.

国庆日:8月1日(1291年)

国旗: 呈正方形。旗地为红色,正中一个白色十字。瑞士国旗图案的来历众说纷纭,其中有代表性的说法就有四种。至1848年,瑞士制定了新联邦宪法,正式规定红地白十字旗为瑞士联邦国旗。白色象征和平、公正和光明,红色象征着人民的胜利、幸福和热情;国旗的整组图案象征国家的统一。这面国旗在1889曾作过修改,把原来的红地白十字横长方形改为正方形,象征国家在外交上采取的公正和中立的政策。
The white cross on the red back (see top left on each page) has a religious background. The cross represents the cross, Jesus was put on, the red color represents his blood.
Each arm of the cross has to be of the same size and must be 1/6 longer than wide.

国徽: 为盾徽。图案与颜色与国旗相同。

国花:火绒草

国石:小晶 There are no such things as a national motto, a national flower or a national animal. However, some cantons do have a motto or an animal.
The "Edelweiss" has the status of an inoffical national flower.

国家政要:联邦主席(国家元首)莫里茨·洛伊恩贝格,2006年1月1日就任,任期一年。
自然地理:面积41284平方公里。是位于欧州中部的内陆国家,东邻奥地利和列支敦士登,南面与意大利为邻,西面与法国接壤,北部与德国交界。全国地势高峻,分为西北部的汝拉山、南部的阿尔卑斯山和中部瑞士高原三个自然地形区,平均海拔约1350米。主要河流有莱茵河、罗讷河。湖泊众多,有1484个,最大的日内瓦湖(莱芒湖)面积约581平方公里。地属北温带,受海洋性气候和大陆性气候交替影响,气候变化较大。

人口:709万人(1997年)。其中外籍人占19.4%。官方语言为德、法和意大利语。居民中讲德语的占63.6%,法语占19.2%,意大利语占7.6%,拉丁罗曼语0.6%,其他语言9%。信奉基督教居民占44%,信奉天主教的占48%,信奉其他宗教的占5%。

首都:伯尔尼 (Bern)

The capital of Switzerland is Bern City, also the capital of the canton Bern.

Administrative divisions:
Switzerland is broken up into the following administrative divisions ("top down"):

Eidgenossenschaft:
The Eidgenossenschaft (confederation) consists of the following authorities:

Bundesversammlung ("federal assembly"), legislative authority:
The federal assembly or parliament meets in the Bundeshaus in Bern and consists of two houses or Kammern (chambers):
Ständerat: also called the kleine Kammer ("small chamber") with two representatives of each canton, or one representative of each split-canton, regardless of the size of the population of the canton.
Nationalrat: also called the grosse Kammer ("large chamber") with 200 representatives. the number of representatives is proportional to the population of the cantons, but there is at least one representative of a canton.
Bundesrat, executive authority:
The Bundesrat consists of seven members, elected by the Vereinigte Bundesversammlung, a combined assembly of both chambers. Elections take place every four years. The president of the Bundesrat, called Bundespräsident / Bundespräsidentin, changes every year. The seven Bundesräte / Bundesrätinnen head the following departments (Departement):
Foreign Affairs (für auswärtige Angelegenheiten)
Home Affairs (des Innern)
Justice and Police (Justiz- und Polizei-)
Defence, Civil Protection and Sports (für Verteidigung, Bevölkerungsschutz und Sport)
Finance (Finanz-)
Economic Affairs (Volkswirtschafts-)
Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation)
Bundesgericht ("federal court"), judicial authority:
The federal court in Lausanne, VD is the highest court in the country. It protects the constitutional rights of the Swiss citizens against arbitrariness of the authorities and administration.
The ties of the confederation are defined in the Bundesverfassung ("federal constitution") and include:

Protection of the country and its citizens
Postal services, telephone and telecommunications (PTT)
Monetary system (Nationalbank, "national bank")
Transportation (Nationalstrassen (motor ways), railway)
Military
Customs
Diplomatic relations with other countries
People can take direct influence by two means:

Initiative: 100'000 citizens can request a voting about a change or extension of the Bundesverfassung ("constitution") or the Bundesgesetzt ("federal law").
Referenm: If the Bundesrat wants to change or extend the Bundesverfassung ("constitution") or the Bundesgesetz ("federal law"), 50'000 citizens can request a voting about it.
Kantone:
Switzerland consists of 23 Kantone (singular Kanton, cantons or states), 3 of them are divided into Halb-Kantone ("split states") with the following authorities:

Grosser Rat, Kantonsrat or Landesrat(the name varies between the cantons), legislative authority
Kantonsregierung, executive authority
Kantonsgericht, judicial authority
The cantons Appenzell, Glarus and Unterwalden do not perform elections and voting, but a so called Landsgemeinde, an out door assembly of all its citizens. The attendees raise their hands to show if they agree with or deny a particular request.

The ties of the cantons are defined in their Kantonsverfassung ("cantonal constitution") and include:

Ecation
Transportation (Kantonsstrassen, "cantonal roads"))
Social institutions
This is a list of all cantons in the so called "official order":

简史:公元3世纪阿勒曼尼人(日耳曼民族)迁入瑞士东部和北部,勃艮第人迁入西部并建立了第一个勃艮策王朝。公元11世纪受神圣罗马帝国的统治。1648年摆脱神圣罗马帝国的统治,宣布独立,奉行中立政策,1798年,拿破仑一世侵吞瑞士,将其改为“海尔维第共和国”。1803年,瑞士恢复联邦。1815年,维也纳会议确认瑞士为永久中立国,1848年瑞士制定新宪法,设立联邦委员会,从此成为统一的联邦制国家。在两次世界大战中,瑞士均保持中立。瑞士自1948年起一直是联合国的观察员国。在2002年3月举行的全民公决中,54.6%的瑞士选民和瑞士23个州中的12个州赞成瑞士加入联合国。2002年9月10日,第57届联合国大会一致通过决议,正式接纳瑞士联邦为联合国新的会员国。

政治:瑞士是联邦制国家,各州为主权州,有自己的宪法。联邦委员会是国家最高行政机构。联邦议会由具有同等权限的国民院和联邦院组成,是联邦的立法机构。只有两院取得一致,法律或决议才能生效。联邦委员会是国家最高行政机构,联邦委员会主席为瑞士联邦主席,是国家元首兼政府首脑。任期一年,不得连任。根据宪法规定,瑞士实行“公民表决”(即公民投票)和“公民倡议”形式的直接民主。凡修改宪法条款、签订期限为15年以上的国际条约或加入重要国际组织,必须经过公民表决并由各州通过后方能生效。
军事:瑞士实行全民兵役制度,18岁至42岁的健康男子每隔两年必须抽出3个星期时间到军队服役,服役人员也可选择一次性服役。男子的总服役时间为260天,女性有与男性同样的权利,可以持枪参加各项军事任务。瑞士军队有22万(包括8万名预备役人员和2万名新兵学员),职能为国防与防范恐怖主义。瑞士将启动军队改革计划>>>

外交:瑞士为“永久中立国”,奉行积极的中立政策。“普遍性”、“善良服务”和“国际合作”是构成其外交政策的三要素。2005年6月,瑞士公民表决批准加入《申根协定》。 《申根协定》

与中国关系:1950年9月14日,瑞士与中国建交,并互派公使。1956年1月和1957年4月中瑞各自将公使馆升格为大使馆。2003年11月,瑞士联邦主席帕斯卡尔·库什潘对中国进行工作访问。

⑵ 全球通史英文版txt(没有txt,pdf也行)

这套书在新浪爱问资料共享里有,你自己去下吧,很多册,而且文件很大的。

⑶ 求《全球通史》未删节英文版的pdf,好了加分!

我花400多元买到了,打算印点给同学。这几天在问谁要,我估计一下印的数量。你要的话找我、、美国印的第六版精装本。QQ群230897151

⑷ 求a global history(全球通史)英文版pdf电子书,只要英文版的,中文版已经有了

把中文版的翻译一下

⑸ 谁能写美国历史简介(英文版)

美国历史介绍(中英双语):

美国 [United States]正式名称美利坚合众国。

北美洲联邦共和国。领土包括美洲大陆中纬度地区48个连成一片的州、北美洲西北端的阿拉斯加州,以及太平洋中部的岛州夏威夷。面积:(包括五大湖)9,529,063平方千米。人口:约286,067,000(2001)。首都:华盛顿特区。人口包括白人、非洲裔美国人、西班牙裔美国人、亚洲人、太平洋岛民、美洲印第安人(美洲土著)、爱斯基摩人及阿留申人。语言:英语(主要语言)、西班牙语。宗教:新教、天主教、犹太教和伊斯兰教。货币:美元。地形由山脉、平原、低地和沙漠构成。山脉包括阿巴拉契亚山脉、欧扎克山、落基山脉、喀斯喀特山脉和内华达山脉。最低点是加利福尼亚州的死谷。最高点是阿拉斯加山脉的麦金利山,而在美国本土,最高点则是惠特尼山。主要河流是密西西比河系、科罗拉多河、哥伦比亚河和格兰德河。五大湖、大盐湖和奥基乔比湖为几个最大的湖。美国是世界某些矿产的主要生产国,包括铜、银、锌、金、煤、石油和天然气;也是食品的主要输出国。制造业包括钢铁产品、化学制品、电子产品和纺织品。其他重要行业为旅游业、奶制品业、畜牧业、渔业和木材加工业。美国是两院制共和国。总统为国家元首和政府首脑。数千年以前已有一些美洲印第安人定居在这块领土,他们可能是来自亚洲。16世纪欧洲人来此探险和定居,开始取代印第安人。第一个欧洲人永久居民点是由西班牙人于1565年在佛罗里达州建立的圣奥古斯丁,后来英国人在弗吉尼亚州詹姆斯敦(1607)、马萨诸塞州普里茅斯(1620)、马里兰州(1634)和宾夕法尼亚州(1681)建立定居点。在卡罗来纳被授予英国贵族一年后,1664年英国人从荷兰人手中夺走纽约、新泽西和德拉瓦。英国人于1763年击败法国人(参阅法英北美殖民地争夺战[French and Indian War]),在政治上控制了13个殖民地。英国殖民政策引起的政治动乱,以美国独立战争(1775~1783)和《独立宣言》(1776)而告结束。美国在《邦联条例》(1781)下首次组织起来,终于通过宪法(1787)成为联邦共和国。随后确认了西至密西西比河的美国疆界,但并不包括西班牙的属地佛罗里达。通过1803年的路易斯安那购地,美国从法国人手中购得的土地使美国领土几乎增加一倍。美国在1812年战争中与英国开战,1819年从西班牙人手中夺得佛罗里达。1830年通过立法手段将美洲印第安人迁移到密西西比河以西的土地。19世纪中叶开始向西部扩张,特别是1848年在加利福尼亚州发现金矿以后(参阅淘金热[gold rush])。美国在墨西哥战争(1846~1848)中取得的胜利,使后来的7个州(包括加利福尼亚和得克萨斯)的部分或全部领土并入美国。1846年美国与英国签订条约确立其西北部疆界,在1853年加兹登购地中又获得亚利桑那州南部的土地。后来南方蓄奴的种植园经济和北方自由的工业与农业经济之间存在的矛盾冲突使美国分裂,爆发了南北战争(1861~1865,参阅美国南北战争[American Civil War])。第十三条宪法修正案废除了奴隶制。重建时期(1865~1877)以后,美国经历了快速发展、都市化、工业开发和欧洲移民。1877年美国准许把印第安人保留地的土地分给个别部落成员,致使大片土地落入白人手中。到19世纪末,美国的外贸得到发展并获得海外领土,包括阿拉斯加、中途岛、夏威夷群岛、菲律宾群岛、波多黎各、关岛、威克岛、美属萨摩亚、巴拿马运河区和维尔京群岛。1917~1918年美国参加了第一次世界大战。1920年给予妇女选举权;1924年给予美洲印第安人公民权。1929年的股市崩溃导致大萧条。日本人偷袭珍珠港(1941-12-07)之后美国加入第二次世界大战。美国在日本广岛投下第一颗原子弹(1945-08-06),在长崎投下第二颗原子弹(1945-08-09),导致这场战争结束,并使美国成为西方世界的领袖。美国参与了欧洲和日本的战后重建工作,但却陷入与苏联长达40年的冷战对抗。美国参加了朝鲜战争。1952年给予波多黎各自治地位。1954年宣布在美国学校中实行的种族隔离违反了美国宪法。1959年阿拉斯加和夏威夷成为美国的两个州。1964年国会通过《民权法》,并授权全面干预越南战争。20世纪60年代中至末期美国国内各地发生骚乱,包括种族暴乱和反战示威。1969年美国完成首次人类登陆月球。1973年美军全部撤出越南。在波斯湾战争(1991)中,美国领导联军攻打伊拉克。1992年派兵到索马里救援饥民。1995年和1999年加入北大西洋公约组织空袭前南斯拉夫的塞尔维亚军队。1998年W.J.克林顿总统成为第二个要被美国众议院弹劾的总统;1999年他被参议院宣布无罪。1999年巴拿马运河的管理移交给了巴拿马。2000年G.W.布什成为1888年以来尽管获得的选票略低于对手A.戈尔,但仍被总统选举团选为总统的第一人。2001年9月11日恐怖分子的攻击摧毁了世界贸易中心和五角大楼的部分建筑以后,美国以藏匿并拒绝引渡此次恐怖活动的策划嫌疑本·拉登为由,派兵向阿富汗的塔利班政府发动进攻。

United States
officially United States of America
Federal republic, North America.
It comprises 48 contiguous states occupying the mid-continent, Alaska at the northwestern extreme of North America, and the island state of Hawaii in the mid-Pacific Ocean. Area, including the U.S. share of the Great Lakes: 3,675,031 sq mi (9,518,287 sq km). Population (2002 est.): 287,602,000. Capital: Washington, D.C. The population includes people of European and Middle Eastern ancestry, African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians (Native Americans), and Alaska Natives. Languages: English (predominant), Spanish. Religions: Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Judaism, Islam. Currency: U.S. dollar. The country's regions encompass mountains, plains, lowlands, and deserts. Mountain ranges include the Appalachians, Ozarks, Rockies, Cascades, and Sierra Nevada. The lowest point is Death Valley, Calif. The highest point is Alaska's Mount McKinley; within the coterminous U.S. it is Mount Whitney, Calif. Chief rivers are the Mississippi system, the Colorado, the Columbia, and the Rio Grande. The Great Lakes, the Great Salt Lake, and Lake Okeechobee are the largest lakes. The U.S. is among the world's leading procers of several minerals, including copper, silver, zinc, gold, coal, petroleum, and natural gas; it is the chief exporter of food. Its manufactures include iron and steel, chemicals, electronic equipment, and textiles. Other important instries are tourism, dairying, livestock raising, fishing, and lumbering. The U.S. is a republic with two legislative houses; its head of state and government is the president. The territory was originally inhabited for several thousand years by numerous American Indian peoples who had probably emigrated from Asia. European exploration and settlement from the 16th century began displacement of the Indians. The first permanent European settlement, by the Spanish, was at Saint Augustine, Fla., in 1565; the British settled Jamestown, Va. (1607); Plymouth, Mass. (1620); Maryland (1634); and Pennsylvania (1681). The British took New York, New Jersey, and Delaware from the Dutch in 1664, a year after the Carolinas had been granted to British noblemen. The British defeat of the French in 1763 (see French and Indian War) assured British political control over its 13 colonies. Political unrest caused by British colonial policy culminated in the American Revolution (1775–83) and the Declaration of Independence (1776). The U.S. was first organized under the Articles of Confederation (1781), then finally under the Constitution (1787) as a federal republic. Boundaries extended west to the Mississippi River, excluding Spanish Florida. Land acquired from France by the Louisiana Purchase (1803) nearly doubled the country's territory. The U.S. fought the War of 1812 against the British and acquired Florida from Spain in 1819. In 1830 it legalized removal of American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River. Settlement expanded into the Far West in the mid-19th century, especially after the discovery of gold in California in 1848 (see gold rush). Victory in the Mexican War (1846–48) brought the territory of seven more future states (including California and Texas) into U.S. hands. The northwestern boundary was established by treaty with Great Britain in 1846. The U.S. acquired southern Arizona by the Gadsden Purchase (1853). It suffered disunity ring the conflict between the slavery-based plantation economy in the South and the free instrial and agricultural economy in the North, culminating in the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery under the 13th Amendment. After Reconstruction (1865–77) the U.S. experienced rapid growth, urbanization, instrial development, and European immigration. In 1877 it authorized allotment of American Indian reservation land to indivial tribesmen, resulting in widespread loss of land to whites. By the end of the 19th century, it had developed foreign trade and acquired outlying territories, including Alaska, Midway Island, the Hawaiian Islands, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, and the Virgin Islands. The U.S. participated in World War I in 1917–18. It granted suffrage to women in 1920 and citizenship to American Indians in 1924. The stock market crash of 1929 led to the Great Depression. The U.S. entered World War II after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941). The explosion by the U.S. of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Aug. 6, 1945) and another on Nagasaki (Aug. 9, 1945), Japan, brought about Japan's surrender. Thereafter the U.S. was the military and economic leader of the Western world. In the first decade after the war, it aided the reconstruction of Europe and Japan and became embroiled in a rivalry with the Soviet Union known as the Cold War. It participated in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. In 1952 it granted autonomous commonwealth status to Puerto Rico. Racial segregation in schools was declared unconstitutional in 1954. Alaska and Hawaii were made states in 1959. In 1964 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act and authorized U.S. entry into the Vietnam War. The mid-to late 1960s were marked by widespread civil disorder, including race riots and antiwar demonstrations. The U.S. accomplished the first manned lunar landing in 1969. All U.S. troops were withdrawn from Vietnam in 1973. The U.S. led a coalition of forces against Iraq in the First Persian Gulf War (1991), sent troops to Somalia (1992) to aid starving populations, and participated in NATO air strikes against Serbian forces in the former Yugoslavia in 1995 and 1999. In 1998 Pres. Bill Clinton became only the second president to be impeached by the House of Representatives; he was acquitted by the Senate in 1999. Administration of the Panama Canal was turned over to Panama in 1999. In 2000 George W. Bush became the first person since 1888 to be elected president by the electoral college despite having won fewer popular votes than his opponent, Al Gore. After the September 11 attacks on the U.S. in 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center and part of the Pentagon, the U.S. attacked Afghanistan's Taliban government for harbouring and refusing to extradite the mastermind of the terrorism, Osama bin Laden.

⑹ 魔兽世界历史英文版

完整的历史~ 去暴雪官方网站上看回吧~答

http://www.worldofwarcraft.com/info/story/index.html

⑺ 全世界游戏发展史

上面回答全来是复制自...
1996年 第一代FPS《雷神之锤》 引擎Quake engine 简称Q1引擎
2000年 《雷神之锤3》 引擎Quake 3引擎(这是游戏界的一个转折点,许多游戏都以Q3为基础开发游戏)
2004年 第一款显卡杀手《半条命2》(相信你玩过) 是V社研制的Source物理渲染引擎,在那时光阴效果出色,放在现在也不落后
2007年 《使命召唤4》 无尽引擎(一般叫IW引擎) 这个我不解释了,我是很欣赏这款引擎的
2007年 《战争机器》《失落的星球》 虚幻3引擎(也是很经典的一款引擎)
2007年 《孤岛危机》 CE3引擎(这个我也不解释了,是FPS粉都知道的)
2008年 《鬼泣4》 MT Frameworks引擎(虽然是岛国的引擎但是我很喜欢)
2013年 《鬼泣:DMC》(新鬼泣) 虚幻3改良版引擎(虽然我不是很想承认)
2014年《使命召唤10》 IW改良版引擎(画面没多少变化)
纯手打望采纳!
噢还有 2014年 《战地4》 寒霜3引擎(我对这个引擎不是很了解)

⑻ 求《全球通史》(A Global History)英文版的pdf

不能下载要财富值,这个很烦,找本书真麻烦

⑼ 世界杯的起源历史英文版,

阅读全文

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