荷兰历史文化英文

① 关于荷兰的英文介绍

The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").

The Netherlands is a geographically low-lying country, with about 25% of its area and 21% of its population located below sea level, and 50% of its land lying less than one metre above sea level. This distinct feature contributes to the country's name in many other European languages (e.g. German: Niederlande, French: Les Pays-Bas and Spanish: Paí Bajos, literally mean "(The) Low Countries"). Significant land area has been gained through land reclamation and preserved through an elaborate system of polders and dikes. Much of the Netherlands is formed by the estuary of three important European rivers, which together with their distributaries form the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta. Most of the country is very flat, with the exception of foothills in the far southeast and several low-hill ranges in the central parts.

The Netherlands was one of the first countries to have an elected parliament. Among other affiliations the country is a founding member of the EU, NATO, OECD and WTO. With Belgium and Luxembourg it forms the Benelux economic union. The country is host to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and five international courts: the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Court and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. The first four are situated in The Hague as is the EU's criminal intelligence agency Europol and judicial co-operation agency Eurojust. This has led to the city being bbed "the world's legal capital". The Netherlands has a capitalist market-based economy, ranking 13th of 157 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. In May 2011, the Netherlands was ranked as the 'happiest' country according to results published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

② 用英语介绍一下荷兰的文化，请大神们帮帮忙！

The Dutch culture is unique. This can, of course, be said of each culture. The Dutch want to be modern and progressive, but also wish to preserve their standards and values. The following are a number of pointers to help you understand the Dutch way of life.

Getting acquainted

In business settings, the Dutch are known for their professionalism; they like to get down to business straight away and have a no-nonsense culture. At the first meeting hands are shaken. When introcing someone, his/her function is explained briefly and any applicable titles are mentioned. After this, people are called by their surnames only or even by their first names. Titles are not used after the introction. Many foreigners who come to Holland to work find it surprising that even the managing director of the company is called by his/her first name. Modesty is also part of the Dutch business culture, as generally, the managing director of a Dutch company will rarely use a large private chauferred car.

Presents
In Holland presents are usually unwrapped right away. The recipient will often showcase the gift or hand it around. The person giving the present is thanked on the spot. It is not the custom in Holland, as it is in many other cultures, to give someone a gift in return straight away. A Dutch person who is invited for dinner at someone’ house, will usually bring some flowers or chocolates. The best gifts for foreigners to bring are those are not easily found in Holland.

Communication
The Dutch make a clear distinction between their private lives and their business lives. When negotiating they tend to be rather straightforward. They do not spend days getting to know their business partners, in contrast to some Asian cultures. To the Dutch, a contract means the end of the negotiations: agreed is agreed. Words, invitations and promises are often taken literally.

Food
The social aspect of meals, is often more important than the food itself in Holland. Many Dutch skip breakfast on workdays. Lunch, in contrast, is an important meal. This is a somewhat simple meal, including bread and coffee, tea, dairy or cheese procts (very popular) and some fruit. Dutch cusine features cheeses and meat dishes, especially beef and pork.

Talking about….
Informal is not the same in Holland as emotional or very personal. At informal gatherings people do talk about more personal topics. However, the Dutch are reserved about their private lives. Though few topics are universally taboo, it is not considered polite to ask a Dutch acquaintance how much he or she earns.

③ 请问,荷兰与德国的族名 国名 和历史称谓 分别用英文讲,应该是哪些啊

荷兰人属于日耳曼语系，主要由属于日耳曼部落群西支的弗里斯人、巴塔维人、法兰克人专、撒克属逊人同克 尔特人结合而成。荷兰原是西班牙王国殖民地尼德兰的一个行省，后摆脱西班牙独立，1581年尼德兰北方七省成立“联省共和国”，其中以荷兰省最大，所以又称荷兰共和国。

④ 荷兰的资料

概况
【国名】荷兰王国，原称：“尼德兰”。通称荷兰；荷兰语：（Koninkrijk der Nederlanden）

英语：（The Kingdom of the Netherlands）。
【国名释义】荷兰全称为“荷兰王国”，“荷兰”在日耳曼语中叫“尼德兰”，意为“低地之国”， 荷兰只是尼德兰王国的一个最大的省，所以古代中国就称之为“荷兰”，该称呼一直沿用至今。
荷兰国旗
【国旗】呈长方形，长与宽之比为3∶2。自上而下由红、白、蓝三个平行相等的横长方形相连而成。 蓝色表示国家面临海洋，象征人民的幸福；白色象征自由、平等、民主，还代表人民纯朴的性格特征；红色代表革命胜利。
荷兰国徽
【国徽】即奥伦治·拿骚王室的王徽。为斗篷式。顶端带王冠的斗篷中有一盾徽，蓝色盾面上有一只头戴三叶状王冠的狮子，一爪握着银色罗马剑，一爪抓着一捆箭，象征团结就是力量。盾徽上面有一顶王冠，两侧各有一只狮子，下边的蓝色饰带上写着威廉大公的一句格言“坚持不懈”。
【重要节日】4月30日：女王日(系已故王太后朱丽安娜生日,即国庆日)；
纪念日：5月4日（1945年5月4日占领荷兰的法西斯德军在瓦格宁根签署投降书，被定为荷兰“纪念日”）
【国歌】《威廉·凡·拿骚》，这也是世界上第一首国歌
荷兰郁金香
【国花】郁金香
【国鸟】琵鹭
【国石】钻石
【时差】-7.00（同北京），GMT+7：00
【国际电话码】 31
【语言】荷兰语(Dutch)
【货币】欧元

⑤ 求荷兰英文简介，急

1.What‘s your greatest weakness？ 你最大的缺点是什么？
2.Why do you feel you are qualified for this job？ 你为什么觉得自己胜任这份工作？
What make you think you would be a success in this position？你如何知道你能胜任这份工作？
3.Can you sell yourself in two minutes？你能在2分钟内介绍一下自己吗？
4.Why did you leave your last job？你为什么离职呢？
5.What contribution did you make to your current （previous） organization？你对目前/从前的工作单位有何贡献？
6.How would your friends or colleagues describe you？你的朋友或同事怎样形容你？
7.How do you normally handle criticism？你通常如何处理别人的批评？
8.What do you find frustrating in a work situation？在工作中，什么事令你不高兴？
What provide you with a sense of accomplishment？什么会让你有成就感？
9.How do you handle your conflict with your colleagues in your work？你如何处理与同事在工作中的意见不和？
10.How do you handle your failure？你怎样对待自己的失败？

根据这个来写，最好不要抄袭的。

⑥ 荷兰文化 用英语怎么说

参考答案 传销就是兔子专吃窝边草

⑦ 荷兰英文简介

The kingdom of Netherlands, or Netherlands for short, is best known for its provinces in the North and South Netherlands.

So it is also called the Netherlands, which is a constitutional monarchy composed of four constituent states, namely, Netherlands, Aruba, Curacao and Netherlands Saint Martin.

It is a sovereign state with Netherlands as its core. The powers of the Dutch government are limited to national defense, diplomacy, nationality and extradition. In addition to the above powers, all the constituent countries have complete autonomy and autonomy.

The Netherlands was ruled by the Habsburg Dynasty, the Holy Roman Empire and Spain before 1648. The Republic of Netherlands was founded in 1581.

Spain officially recognized its independence in 1648 and reached its peak in the 17th century. It became the world's most powerful maritime hegemony at that time.

It was once known as the sea coachman. Kingdom was founded in 1815 and constitutional monarchy was established in 1848.

尼德兰王国，简称尼德兰因其北荷兰省和南荷兰省最为出名。

故又称荷兰，是由尼德兰、阿鲁巴、库拉索和荷属圣马丁4个构成国组成的君主立宪制的复合国，是以尼德兰本土为核心的主权国家。荷兰政府的权力仅限于国防、外交、国籍和引渡，除了上述权力以外，各构成国皆有完全的自主权和自治权。

荷兰在1648年以前先后受到哈布斯堡王朝、神圣罗马帝国和西班牙的统治，1581年成立尼德兰联省共和国（荷兰共和国），1648年西班牙正式承认其独立，并在17世纪时达到鼎盛时期，成为当时世界上最强大的海上霸主，曾被誉为海上马车夫。1815年成立王国，1848年确立君主立宪政体。

(7)荷兰历史文化英文扩展阅读：

一、地形地貌

低平是荷兰地形最突出的特点。全境为低地，四分之一的土地海拔不到1米，四分之一的土地低于海面，除南部和东部有一些丘陵外，绝大部分地势都很低。南部由莱茵河、马斯河、斯海尔德河的三角洲连接而成。

“荷兰”在日耳曼语中叫尼德兰，意为“低地之国”，因其国土有一半以上低于或几乎水平于海平面而得名，部分地区甚至是由围海造地形成的，比如弗莱沃兰省的大部分地区。

荷兰的最高点是位于南部林堡省东南角的瓦尔斯堡山（Vaalserberg），海拔321米。荷兰地势最低点在鹿特丹附近，为海平面以下6.7米。

二、气候特征

荷兰位于北纬51°-54°之间，受大西洋暖流影响，属温带海洋性气候，冬暖夏凉。荷兰沿海地区夏季平均气温为16℃，冬季平均气温为3℃。内陆地区夏季平均气温为17℃，冬季为2℃。

6-8月份温度为21～26℃。冬季阴雨多风，1月份平均温度为1.7℃。荷兰历史上记载过的最低气温为-27.8℃，最高气温达到38.6℃。荷兰年降雨量约为760毫米。

降雨基本均匀分布于四季。1～6月份月平均雨量为40-60毫米，7～12月月平均雨量为60～80毫米。荷兰每月平均的晴天小时数5月份最高，约为220小时，12月份最低，约为39小时。

⑧ 荷兰的英文介绍

The Netherlands has a total area to 41,864 square kilometers, is located in western Europe, is adjacent to the east and Germany, the south of Belgium. West, North brink of the North Sea, is located in the Rhine, Maas and Scheldt River Delta, 1075 kilometers long coastline. Throughout for the low, a quarter of the land above sea level less than 1 m, less than a quarter of the land surface, coastal more than 1,800 kilometers of the sea dam and Andi. Reclamation since the thirteenth century, a total of about 7,100 square kilometers of land, which is equivalent to one-fifth of the national land area. Vertical and horizontal borders of rivers, mainly in the Rhine, Maas. Northwest coastal ijsselmeer Department. Its west coast for the lowlands, the eastern part of the wavy plains, central and south-east to the plateau. The south by the Rhine, Maas, Schelde River delta connected. "The Netherlands" in the German language is called the Netherlands, which means "low country", more than half of its land below sea level or nearly level in the name. Netherlands climate is temperate maritime climate, cool summer temperature in winter, the monthly mean temperature: 1 month 2 ~ 3 ℃; 7 on 18 ~ 19 ℃. Soil as a result of low tide, the Dutch accepted the Gauls invented by the French sabot, and hundreds of years in the history of the Netherlands, given its typical characteristics. Annual precipitation is 650 ~ 700 mm. There are natural gas, oil and coal reserves.
中文：荷兰国土总面积为41864平方公里，位于欧洲西部，东面与德国为邻，南接比利时。西、北濒临北海，地处莱茵河、马斯河和斯凯尔特河三角洲，海岸线长1075公里。全境为低地，四分之一的土地海拔不到1米，四分之一的土地低于海面，沿海有1，800多公里长的海坝和岸堤。十三世纪以来共围垦约7，100多平方公里的土地，相当于全国陆地面积的五分之一。境内河流纵横，主要有莱茵河、马斯河。西北濒海处有艾瑟尔湖。其西部沿海为低地，东部是波状平原，中部和东南部为高原。南部由莱茵河、马斯河、斯海尔德河的三角洲连接而成。“荷兰”在日耳曼语中叫尼德兰，意为“低地之国”，因其国土有一半以上低于或几乎水平于海平面而得名。荷兰的气候属温带海洋性气候，冬温夏凉，月平均气温：1月2~3℃；7月18~19℃。由于地低土潮，荷兰人接受了法国高卢人发明的木鞋，并在几百年的历史中赋予其典型的荷兰特色。 年降水量650~700毫米。有天然气、石油和煤等蕴藏。

⑨ 跪求介绍荷兰的英文资料,越全面越好!

Introction
Background:
The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815. In 1830 Belgium seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, but suffered invasion and occupation by Germany in World War II. A modern, instrialized nation, the Netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural procts. The country was a founding member of NATO and the EEC (now the EU), and participated in the introction of the euro in 1999.

Geography
Location:
Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany

Geographic coordinates:
52 30 N, 5 45 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 41,526 sq km
land: 33,883 sq km
water: 7,643 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey

Land boundaries:
total: 1,027 km
border countries: Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km

Coastline:
451 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters

Terrain:
mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Zuidplaspolder -7 m
highest point: Vaalserberg 322 m

Natural resources:
natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel, arable land

Land use:
arable land: 26.71%
permanent crops: 0.97%
other: 72.32% (2001)

Irrigated land:
5,650 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding

Environment - current issues:
water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

Geography - note:
located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde)

People
Population:
16,407,491 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.1% (male 1,523,316/female 1,453,232)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male 5,627,007/female 5,491,802)
65 years and over: 14.1% (male 974,037/female 1,338,097) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.04 years
male: 38.22 years
female: 39.9 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.53% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
11.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.04 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.62 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.81 years
male: 76.25 years
female: 81.51 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - alt prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
19,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)
adjective: Dutch

Ethnic groups:
Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western origin mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese, and Indonesians) (1999 est.)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 31%, Dutch Reformed 13%, Calvinist 7%, Muslim 5.5%, other 2.5%, none 41% (2002)

Languages:
Dutch (official), Frisian (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (2000 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of the Netherlands
conventional short form: Netherlands
local long form: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
local short form: Nederland

Government type:
constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government

Administrative divisions:
12 provinces (provincies, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland (Fryslan), Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland

Dependent areas:
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

Independence:
23 January 1579 (the northern provinces of the Low Countries conclude the Union of Utrecht breaking with Spain; it was not until 1648 that Spain recognized their independence)

National holiday:
Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA in 1909 and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX in 1980), 30 April

Constitution:
adopted 1815; amended many times, last time 2002

Legal system:
civil law system incorporating French penal theory; constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Jan Peter BALKENENDE (since 22 July 2002) and Deputy Prime Ministers Gerrit ZALM (since 27 May 2003) and Laurens Jan BRINKHORST (since 31 March 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following Second Chamber elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; vice prime ministers appointed by the monarch
note: there is also a Council of State composed of the monarch, heir apparent, and councilors that provides consultations to the cabinet on legislative and administrative policy

Legislative branch:
bicameral States General or Staten Generaal consists of the First Chamber or Eerste Kamer (75 seats; members indirectly elected by the country's 12 provincial councils for four-year terms) and the Second Chamber or Tweede Kamer (150 seats; members directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: First Chamber - last held 25 May 2003 (next to be held May 2007); Second Chamber - last held 22 January 2003 (next to be held May 2007)
election results: First Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CDA 23, PvdA 19, VVD 15, Green Party 5, Socialist Party 4, D66 3, other 6; Second Chamber - percent of vote by party - CDA 28.6%, PvdA 27.3%, VVD 12.9%, Socialist Party 6.3%, List Pim Fortuyn 5.7%, Green Party 5.1%, D66 4.1%; seats by party - CDA 44, PvdA 42, VVD 28, Socialist Party 9, List Pim Fortuyn 8, Green Party 8, D66 6, other 5

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (justices are nominated for life by the monarch)

Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Maxime Jacques Marcel VERHAGEN]; Christian Union Party [Andre ROUVOET]; Democrats 66 or D66 [Boris DITTRICH]; Green Party [Femke HALSEMA]; Labor Party or PvdA [Wouter BOS]; List Pim Fortuyn [Gerard van AS]; People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD [Jozias VAN AARTSEN]; Socialist Party [Jan MARIJNISSEN]; plus a few minor parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Netherlands Trade Union Federation (FNV) (consisting of a merger of Socialist and Catholic trade unions); Christian Trade Union Federation (CNV); Trade Union Federation of Middle and High Personnel (MHP); Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; Interchurch Peace Council or IKV; large multinational firms; the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Boudewijn J. VAN EENENNAAM
chancery: 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 244-5300
FAX: [1] (202) 362-3430
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
consulate(s): Boston

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Clifford M. SOBEL
embassy: Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ, The Hague
mailing address: PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715
telephone: [31] (70) 310-9209
FAX: [31] (70) 361-4688
consulate(s) general: Amsterdam

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer; one of the oldest flags in constant use, originating with WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, in the latter half of the 16th century

Economy
Economy - overview:
The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy, which depends heavily on foreign trade. The economy is noted for stable instrial relations, moderate unemployment and inflation, a sizable current account surplus, and an important role as a European transportation hub. Instrial activity is predominantly in food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs no more than 4% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing instry and for exports. The Netherlands, along with 11 of its EU partners, began circulating the euro currency on 1 January 2002. The country continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment. Economic growth slowed considerably in 2001-04, as part of the global economic slowdown, but for the four years before that, annual growth averaged nearly 4%, well above the EU average.

GDP:
purchasing power parity - $481.1 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $29,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 2.4%
instry: 24.5%
services: 73.1% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
7.53 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 4%, instry 23%, services 73% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate:
6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1994)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
32.6 (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $256.9 billion
expenditures: $274.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)

Public debt:
55.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - procts:
grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; livestock

Instries:
agroinstries, metal and engineering procts, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing

Instrial proction growth rate:
0.8% (2004 est.)

Electricity - proction:
90.61 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - consumption:
100.7 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
4.5 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
20.9 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - proction:
46,200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
895,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
1.418 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
2.284 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
88.06 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - proction:
77.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
49.72 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
49.28 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
20.78 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.693 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$19.9 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$293.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs

Exports - partners:
Germany 25%, Belgium 12.6%, UK 10.1%, France 9.8%, Italy 6%, US 4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$252.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs, clothing

Imports - partners:
Germany 17.7%, Belgium 10.2%, US 7.8%, China 7.1%, UK 6.6%, France 4.9% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$21.44 billion (2003)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $4 billion (2003 est.)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications
Telephones - main lines in use:
10.004 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
12.5 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: highly developed and well maintained
domestic: extensive fixed-line fiber-optic network; cellular telephone system is one of the largest in Europe with five major network operators utilizing the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
international: country code - 31; 9 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2004)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 4, FM 246, shortwave 3 (2004)

Television broadcast stations:
21 (plus 26 repeaters) (1995)

Internet country code:
.nl

Internet hosts:
4,518,226 (2004)

Internet users:
8.5 million (2003)

Transportation
Railways:
total: 2,808 km
standard gauge: 2,808 km 1.435-m gauge (2,061 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 116,500 km
paved: 104,850 km (including 2,235 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,650 km (1999)

Waterways:
5,046 km (navigable for ships of 50 tons) (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate 325 km; gas 6,998 km; oil 590 km; refined procts 716 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Amsterdam, Groningen, Ijmuiden, Rotterdam, Terneuzen, Vlissingen, Zaanstad

Merchant marine:
total: 558 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,796,460 GRT/5,212,557 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 14, cargo 361, chemical tanker 32, container 48, liquefied gas 13, passenger 11, passenger/cargo 14, petroleum tanker 14, refrigerated cargo 32, roll on/roll off 15, specialized tanker 4
foreign-owned: 139 (Bahamas 5, Belgium 2, Canada 1, Denmark 4, Finland 7, Germany 62, Ireland 13, Norway 9, Sweden 19, United Kingdom 6, United States 11)
registered in other countries: 223 (2005)

Airports:
27 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 20
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military
Military branches:
Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu), Royal Constabulary, Defense Interservice Command (DICO) (2004)

Military manpower - military age and obligation:
20 years of age for an all-volunteer force (2004)

Military manpower - availability:
males age 20-49: 3,557,918 (2005 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 20-49: 2,856,691 (2005 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 99,934 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$9.408 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.6% (2004)

Transnational Issues
Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
major European procer of ecstasy, illicit amphetamines, and other synthetic drugs; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy; large financial sector vulnerable to money laundering

⑩ 荷兰英文介绍

http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0&variant=zh-cn

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands