英美历史文化概况英文版翻译

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2. 谁能写美国历史简介(英文版)

The United States of America is a country of the western hemisphere, comprising fifty states and several territories. Forty-eight contiguous states lie in central North America between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bound on land by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south; Alaska is in the northwest of the continent with Canada to its east, and Hawaii is in the mid-Pacific. The United States is a federal constitutional republic; Washington, its capital, is coextensive with the District of Columbia (D.C.), the federal capital district.

At over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km

3. 谁知道美国文化和历史——用英语

中文：
历史
美洲原住民在这块土地上居住了15,000余年。欧洲从15世纪末开始殖民美洲。1607年，第一个英格兰人殖民区成功地在维吉尼亚州建立。接下来二十年里，一些荷兰殖民区也陆续建立，包括位于新阿姆斯特丹（今纽约市）和新泽西州的殖民区。在17世纪和18世纪里，英国逐渐占领荷兰人和其他欧洲殖民者的地区，并在美国东岸广泛开垦殖民，建立更多的殖民地区。除今天的加拿大外，英国在北美洲共建立了13个殖民地。
在1760年代和1770年代，13个美洲殖民地与英国之间的紧张关系最终引发了革命战争，殖民地的代表们在1776年7月4日签下了《美国独立宣言》。在独立战争（1775年-1783年）中，乔治·华盛顿领导13个殖民地组成的大陆军团对抗英军。殖民地在76年的大会中创立了大陆军团，但未授权他们征收税赋和制定联邦法律。1777年，独立的殖民地正式采纳邦联条例，建立了一个联邦的主权国家、以及行使管理权的联邦政府，并批准了美国宪法。经历艰苦的独立战争后，大陆军团终于击败英军，英国于1783年签下了巴黎条约，正式承认美国的独立。
从1803年至1848年，新成立的美国的面积几乎扩大了三倍，殖民者们胸怀新的共和国“注定扩展至整个大陆”的理想，朝广阔无际的原野拓展，甚至在“路易西安纳购地”之前便已深入内陆。这种扩展在1812年战争时遭到了短暂的阻挠，但很快随著战争的胜利而继续进行。1848年美国赢得了美墨战争，更增强了殖民者们扩展国土的理想。
随著国家的不断扩展和发展，一个新的问题也逐渐浮现，北方掌控的联邦政府与南方的州政府在蓄奴问题和州权上产生分歧：北方州反对奴隶制度的扩展；而南方州反对北方州干涉其生活方式，因为他们的棉花经济产业是全盘依赖于奴隶制度的。在亚伯拉罕·林肯于1860年当选总统后，冲突彻底爆发，南卡罗来纳州成为第一个宣布脱离联邦的州，六个南部州也相继分离，于1861年成立美利坚联盟国以对抗联邦政府。美国内战以联邦在1865年取得胜利告终，同时终结了奴隶制度、以及州是否有权脱离联邦的争议。这场内战成为美国历史的主要分水岭，联邦政府的权力从此大为增加。
内战期间的科技发展，加上来自欧洲的大量移民潮，为美国的新兴产业提供了大量的劳动力，以前无人开发的区域开创了许多社区和城市，加速了美国的工业发展以及迈向国际强权的进程。接著，美国在海外进行了许多帝国主义的冒险，包括在美西战争胜利后吞并了波多黎各和菲律宾，使美国成为世界主要的列强之一。
第一次世界大战于1914年爆发，美国最初保持中立；由于德国发动的无限制潜艇战击沉在大西洋航行的美国船只，造成许多美国平民的无辜死伤，激怒了美国大众。在战争最后阶段美国加入协约国以对抗同盟国。由于历史原因，美国大众对于英国和法国较为同情，虽然有部分德裔和爱尔兰裔反对介入。为了保护美国投资者和联邦政府在欧洲的大量投资也是美国参战的主因之一。在美国于1917年参战后，战局随即扭转，使协约国在1918年获胜。战后，担心过度卷入欧洲事务，美国参议院并未批准协约国制裁同盟国的凡尔赛条约；相反，美国采取了孤立主义政策。
战争使欧洲国家元气大伤，却带给美国带来大量财富和声望。在几乎整个1920年代，农产品价格不断降低，工业利润大幅增长，美国经济发展得异常繁荣。这波经济成长还被信贷上升和股票市场的兴盛推波助澜，终于令股市在1929年大崩盘，随之而来的是经济大恐慌。为了复苏经济，富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福政府实行新政，大幅增加政府对经济的干预。然而新政却没有完全生效，美国经济直到第二次世界大战后才彻底复苏。在日本偷袭珍珠港后，美国加入反法西斯同盟以对抗轴心国。接下来的战争成为美国历史上代价最高昂的一场战争，然而前线和大后方创造的大量工作机会、以及军工产业带动的生产复苏，使美国经济完全走出了大恐慌的阴霾。美国妇女也因此大规模踏入工作职场
在战争胜利后，美国和苏联的冲突逐渐浮现，美国代表的是资本主义和自由民主制，而苏联则代表共产主义和计划经济，苏联的崛起和意识形态的冲突造成了1940年代末期开始的冷战。两国在许多地区和国家进行一连串代理人战争，包括了朝鲜战争、越南战争、几乎触发核大战的古巴导弹危机、以及阿富汗战争。
由于警觉到与苏联的太空竞赛上的落后，美国政府开始大力培养数学和科学的精英人才，在美国国家航空航天局的努力下，于1969年第一次成功派人登上月球。
在美国国内，城市化的发展逐渐完成，美国社会经历了一段时期的持续经济扩展。同时，美国社会的种族歧视现象逐渐受到重视，尤其是在南方。从1950年代开始，这些歧视受到马丁·路德·金等人领导的民权运动的挑战，最后终于废除了南方各州的种族隔离法律。
经历1970年代石油危机引发的经济衰退后，美国经济于1980年代开始茁壮的复苏。苏联在1991年彻底垮台，使美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国。美国依然继续派兵参与海外的战争，例如1991年的波斯湾战争。在1990年代，拜数字化革命以及因特网制造的大量工作机会和技术变革之赐，美国经济展开了史无前例的繁荣成长，新兴的硅谷成为世界资讯产业的龙头重镇。 两次世界大战，不仅重创了新兴大国德国和日本，同时也使传统大国英国和法国失去了对世界格局的支配权。当时的世界，除了美国和苏联，其他工业化国家都风光不再。美国在战后的工业总产值占到了世界总量的一半以上，并且在全世界范围内建立了以美元为中心的国际金融体系，同时，它还向世界50个国家和地区派驻了军队。
第二次世界大战成为美国历史新的转折点。独一无二的综合实力，使美国摆脱了第一次世界大战后企图安排世界秩序却无果而终的尴尬，开始按照有利于自己的方式主导国际秩序，并最终在20世纪后期，成为一个超级大国。

在21世纪开端发生的九一一袭击事件，使美国的外交政策集中于对付恐怖主义威胁。美国政府开始了反恐战争和行动，在2001年10月推翻阿富汗塔利班政权后，又在2003年发动了美伊战争，并推翻了萨达姆政权，但伊拉克临时政府的后续发展及其战争合法性的争议至今仍无定论。

文化

美国文化根植于英属殖民地时期，但很快便随著当地的环境发展出独立而独特的文化，包括了西班牙-墨西哥的牛仔文化和后来的数波殖民潮的强烈影响—包括欧洲、非洲和亚洲。总体上说，美国文化最显著的影响来自北欧，特别是德意志、英格兰和爱尔兰，以及后来的意大利、希腊、和中欧犹太人的文化影响。原为奴隶的非裔美国人也保存了一些自西非带来的文化。美国的地理名称往往反映了英格兰、荷兰、法国、西班牙和美国原住民等等的综合历史成分。
一个描述美国文化的模型是“大熔炉”：移民带来自己的文化贡献，溶入美国文化之中，最终接受一个统一的美国文化。最近常用的模型是“色拉碗”：移民带来的文化会保持一些自己独立的文化特征，而非完全融入原有的美国文化，他们所带来的文化也会成为美国文化的一部分。现代社会学家对美国文化的目标的认同趋向于多元文化论，而非熔炉，很大程度上放弃了熔炉观念。
美国烹饪吸收了美国原住民的烹饪法和食材，例如火鸡、马铃薯、玉米、南瓜，都成了美国文化不可或缺的一部分。而苹果派、比萨饼、汉堡包原先都是来自或改良自欧洲，现在则是美国速食文化的象征。墨西哥卷（Burritos）和炸玉米饼（tacos）则源自墨西哥。由非裔美国人在身为奴隶时从非洲引入的“心灵食物”（Soul food）也成了大众的家常菜之一。目前许多在全球大受欢迎的食物要不是源于美国、便是由美国加以改良并推广的。
20世纪之前的美国文化从学习模仿欧洲（尤其是英国）逐渐发展到拥有自己的特色，二战后随美国经济军事政治实力的飞跃，它的文化对全世界、特别是西方世界产生了重大的影响。时至今日，美国流行音乐响彻全球，美国电影和电视则在全球播放。
针对美国文化这种客观上“入侵”全球的现象，批评声不绝于耳。由于欧洲文化是其主要来源，很多欧洲人认为美国文化天真幼稚，以法国为首的国家对美国文化的进入一直坚决抵制。而东亚、东南亚、南亚和中东地区的文化传统与美国又大不相同，深受其影响的有日本等国，另一方面阿拉伯国家则对其有很强的抵触情绪。同时很多加拿大人和澳大利亚人也对美国文化的同化影响十分担忧。美国文化的全球地位极大程度上促进了英语的传播，使其几乎成为实际上的“世界语”，法国等地则有意在自己能够影响到的范围内全力抗击英语文化的影响。
英文：
The Americas original residents have lived for more than 15,,000 years on this land. Europe starts from 15 century's ends to colonize Americas. In 1607, the first English person colonized the area successfully in the Virginia state establishment. Receives in 20 years, some Holland colonizes the area also one after another to establish, including is located new Amsterdam (now New York) to colonize the area with the New Jersey state. In 17th century and 18th century, England graally seizes the Dutch and other European colonizing area, and widely opens up wasteland in the American east bank colonizes, establishes many colonizes the area. Besides today Canada, England has altogether established 13 colonies in North America.
In 1760 ages and 1770 ages, between 13 Americas colony and England's tension finally initiated the revolutionary war, the colony representatives has signed "the US Declaration of Independence" in July 4, 1776. At the war of independence (in 1775 -1783 year) center, the George Washington leader 13 colonies compositions mainland regiment resisted the English armed force. The colony established the mainland regiment in 76 years congress, but has not been authorized them to levy the taxes and levies and the formulation federation law. In 1777, the independent colony official acceptance confederation rule, has founded a federation sovereign state, as well as exercises the authority federal state, and has authorized the American constitution. After experiences the difficult war of independence, the mainland regiment finally defeated the English armed force, England signs the Paris treaty in 1783, officially acknowledged American the independence.
From 1803 to 1848, US'S area which newly had been established nearly expands three times, the colonizing mind new republic "has been doomed expands to the entire mainland" the ideal, faces the broad 无际 wilderness development, even "buys in the Louis Xi'an natrium" before then already thorough interior. This kind of expansion when 1812 war has encountered the short obstruction, but very quickly continues along with the war victory to carry on. In 1848 US has won the beautiful ink war, strengthened colonizing to expand the national territory the ideal.
Along with the national unceasing expansion and the development, a new question also graally reappears, north the palm controls the federal state in gathers in the slave question and the state power with the south State authority has the difference: North the state opposes the slave system the expansion; But south the state north opposed the state interferes its life style, because their cotton economical instry is overall relies on the slave system. In Abraham Lincoln after 1860 president-elect, the conflict thorough eruption, the South Carolina state became the first announcement to be separated from the federation the state, six south states also one after another separated, established the America association allied country in 1861 to resist the federal state. The American civil war obtained by the federation in 1865 successfully comes to an end, simultaneously ended the slave system, as well as the state whether was authorized to is separated from the federation the dispute. This civil war becomes the American history the main watershed, federal state's authority henceforth greatly is the increase.
The civil war period technical development, comes in addition from Europe's massive immigrations tide, has provided the massive labor forces for US'S emerging instry, before nobody development region founded many communities and the city, has accelerated US'S instrial development as well as steps to the international might advancement. In addition, US has carried on many imperialisms risk in the overseas, including the war victory has annexed Puerto Rico and the Philippines after America, causes US to become one of world main big powers.
The First World War erupted in 1914, US at first maintain neutrality; Because Germany starts the unlimited submarine war attacks and sinks the American ships which navigates in Atlantic, creates many American common people the innocent casualty, has enraged the American populace. Joins the allies in war final stage US to resist the ally. As a result of the historical reason, the American populace sympathize with regarding England and France, although has the part of German lineage and the Irish lineage opposition involvement. In order to protect the American investors and the federal state in Europe's massive investments also is one of principal factors which US enters a war. Entered a war in US after 1917, the war reversed immediately, causes the allies to win in 1918. Postwar, worried excessively is involved in the European business, the American Senate authorizes the allies to punish the ally by no means the Versailles treaty; On the contrary, US has adopted the isolated principle policy.
The war causes the European country vitality big wound, actually takes to US to bring the massive wealths and the prestige. In the nearly entire 1920 ages, the farm price unceasingly reced, the instrial profit large growth, the American economy developed exceptionally prospers. This wave economy grows also prosperously adds fuel to the flames by the credit rise and the stock market, finally greatly is collapsed the stock market in 1929 the plate, following is the economy is greatly panic. In order to recover the economy, Franklin 德拉诺 the Roosevelt government implements the new deal, largely increases the government to the economy the intervention. However the new deal actually does not have completely to become effective, the American economy only then thoroughly recovers after Second World War. Sneak attacks Pearl harbor after Japan, US joins the counter- Fascist union to resist the axis powers. Receives the war becomes in the American history a price most soaring war rear area, however the front and was big the massive work opportunity which created, as well as the war instry instry impetus proction recovers, causes the American economy completely to go out the greatly panic haze. The American women also therefore large-scale tread into the work ty field
After the war victory, American and Soviet Union's conflict graally reappears, the American representative is the capitalism and the free democratic system, but Soviet Union represented the communism and the planned economy, Soviet Union's rising has created the cold war with the ideology conflict which 1940 ages last stages started. Both countries carry on a succession of client war in many areas and the country, including the Korean War, the Vietnamese war, has nearly triggered the nuclear war the Cuban missile crisis, as well as the Afghan war.
Because the vigilance to with in Soviet Union's outer space competition backwardness, the American government starts vigorously to raise mathematics and the science outstanding person talented person, in the American country aerospace bureau diligently under, the first success sent the person in 1969 to land on the Moon.
In the American home, the urbanized development graally completes, the American society experienced section of times to continue the economical expansion. At the same time, the American society's racial discrimination phenomenon graally receives takes, in particular in south. Started from 1950 ages, these discrimination received the civil rights movement challenge which Martin person and so on Luther gold led, finally finally abolished south various states racial segregation law.
After experienced 1970 ages petroleum crisis initiation the economic recession, the American economy started healthy recovering in 1980 ages. Soviet Union thoroughly collapsed in 1991, causes US to become in the world the only superpower. US still continues to dispatch troops to participate in the overseas the war, for example 1991 Persian Gulf war. In 1990 ages, did obeisance bestowing of the massive work opportunity and the technical transformation which the digitized revolution as well as Internet made, the American economy has launched the unprecedented prosperity growth, emerging silicon valley became the world information of instry the main item strategic place. Two world wars, not only has caused heavy losses to emerging great nation Germany and Japan, simultaneously also caused traditional great nation England and France has lost to the world pattern right to control. Then world, except US and Soviet Union, other instrialized country all scenery no longer. US accounted for the world total quantity in the postwar gross value of instrial output one above the half, and has established in the world scope take US dollar as the central international finance system, simultaneously, it also has accredited the army to the world 50 countries and the area.
Second World War becomes the American history new turning point. The unique comprehensive strength, after enable US to get rid of the First World War to attempt the awkwardness which the arrangement world order actually ended without any result, started according to be advantageous to own way leadership international order, and finally in 20th century later periods, became a superpower.
Reply:Continuously ♂ to old - application evil spirit master two levels 4-21 15:53

The culture and history of American
Pop culture.
When you think of American culture, what first comes to your mind? McDonald's? Coca Cola? Levi's? Disneyland? Michael Jordan? Julia Roberts? Many people imagine American culture is a collection of popular symbols like these. Actually, these symbols are only one small part of American culture- "pop culture."
What is pop culture? Well, pop is short for popular. The origins of pop culture can often be traced to popular movies, television shows, music stars and sports figures. Pop culture is also promoted by business and advertising. The most common examples of American pop culture appear among high school and college students. Trends set by famous personalities quickly become part of young people's lifestyles.
American pop culture has spread around the world. One major reason for its popularity is that English is a universal language. English is the language of diplomacy, international business and transportation. Since language and culture go together, learning English means becoming aware of English-speaking cultures. Also, America is a world leader in movies, music and magazines. The kind of American culture communicated in those media is pop culture. Finally, pop culture is easy to package and to export. For that reason, it is easy to "sell" to the world.
Many people assume that American pop culture is what America is all about. Does pop culture reflect the true culture of America? Yes and no. Pop culture does represent a portion of American society-especially urban young people that are tuned in to the media. But American pop culture is faddish and ever-changing. It is an artificial and superficial picture of America. If you want to learn about real American culture, you'll have to go a little farther than McDonald's

4. 英国的简介（中英文对照）

英国的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，行政区划包括了英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰地区。除本土之外，其还拥有十四个海外领地，总人口超过6600万，其中以英格兰人（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）为主体民族，占全国总人口的占83.9%。

The full name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Its administrative divisions include England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In addition to the mainland, it also has 14 overseas territories with a total population of over 66 million, of which the English (Anglo-Saxons) are the main ethnic group, accounting for 83.9% of the total population of the country.

英国是一个高度发达的资本主义国家，欧洲四大经济体之一，其国民拥有极高的生活水平和良好的社会保障制度。作为英联邦元首国、七国集团成员国、北约创始会员国、英国同时也是联合国安全理事会五大常任理事国之一。

Britain is a highly developed capitalist country and one of the four major European economies. Its citizens have a very high standard of living and a good social security system. As the head of the Commonwealth, member of the Group of Seven, founding member of NATO, Britain is also one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.

魅力大都市伦敦、历史文化名城约克、巴斯、坎特伯雷、名校所在地剑桥和牛津、风华旖旎的湖区、还有让球迷疯狂的曼彻斯特、利物浦，《哈利波特》的诞生地爱丁堡，《勇敢的心》发生地斯特灵。这些不列颠的标志都在英格兰地区。

Charming metropolis London, historic and cultural city York, Bass, Canterbury, Cambridge and Oxford, the beautiful lake area where famous schools are located, and Manchester and Liverpool which make fans crazy. Edinburgh, the birthplace of Harry Potter, the place where Brave Heart took place, is Stern Spirit. These British symbols are all in England.

(4)英美历史文化概况英文版翻译扩展阅读：

英国气候。

英国属温带海洋性气候。英国受盛行西风控制，全年温和湿润，四季寒暑变化不大。植被是温带落叶阔叶林带。通常最高气温不超过32℃，最低气温不低于－10℃，平均气温1月4～7℃，7月13～17℃。年平均降水量约1000毫米。

北部和西部山区的年降水量超过2000毫米，中部和东部则少于800毫米。每年二月至三月最为干燥，十月至来年一月最为湿润。英国终年受西风和海洋的影响，全年气候温和湿润，适合植物生长。英国虽然气候温和，但天气多变。一日之内，时晴时雨。

5. 翻译：英美国家概况

something about European countries

6. 英国历史、英文的..不要太详细、大概的概况就可以了。

Barclodiad y Gawres
Barclodiad y Gawres is one of the most impressive of the many prehistoric remains on the Isle of anglesey. This Neolithic chambered tomb has been partially reconstructed, which helps a great deal to give an idea of the site and how it was used. The most historically important feature of Barclodiad y Gawres are the wealth of carved stones, particularly several carved with spiral patterns similar to those found at Bryn Celli D, also on Anglesey. These spiral patterns are unique in Wales, and have more similarity to decorated tombs in Ireland than to other British sites.

大致翻译：
Barclodiad y Gawres
Barclodiad y Gawres是其中最令人印象深刻的史前遗迹。这个新石器时代chambered坟墓已经部分改造,使大量出出主意的地点以及它是如何被使用。历史上最重要的特征是Barclodiad y Gawres雕刻宝石的财富,特别是几刻螺旋模式相似,也是在布瑞恩Celli D盎格鲁。这些螺旋方式都是独一无二的,有更多的威尔士坟墓相似,装修在爱尔兰比其他英国的更接近。

希望对您有所帮助！

7. 英国文化英文介绍 带翻译

《英国文学简史》
小说作者： 佚名
英国是世界文学大国，历史悠久，成就斐然内，各个时代都产生容了杰出的作家和作品。而... 方便的话 看看这本 电子书
http://www.woai.org/book_362796.html

8. 谁有英美概况英文版，内容包括地理概况、历史概况、政治体制、传统与文化。只要考点精讲。满意再加分。

你要书吗?自考英语专业有英语国家概况,英文的,内容涉及英语国家的地理,历史,政治体制,文化宗教等诸多方面.

9. 求英文介绍英国历史100字左右

1、英文

British history began in Germanic and Celtic, and later in England, Wales and Scotland. Its origin can be traced back to Roman rule.

Britain is called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It consists of Northern Ireland and the whole history of Britain is made up of the interweaving of the four regions.

Wales became part of the Kingdom of England in 1535. The defeat of the Spanish Invincible Fleet in 1588 by the Naval Battle of Gravoline frustrated the invasion of foreign Catholic forces.

basically eliminating the threat of Catholicism and consolidating the achievements of religious reform.

In 1640, Britain broke out the first bourgeois revolution in the world and became the pioneer of the bourgeois revolution. The Republic was proclaimed on 19 May 1649.

The restoration of the dynasty in 1660 and the "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 established the constitutional monarchy.

In 1707, England merged with Scotland. Through the Seven Years'War, Britain laid the foundation of the Sunset Empire and gained the hegemony of the sea.

It was merged with Ireland in 1801. After the Napoleonic War, Britain completed the imperial hegemony of the Sunset Empire.

From the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, it became the first country in the world to complete the instrial revolution.

The nineteenth century was the heyday of the British Empire. The colonies occupied in 1914 were 111 times larger than those in the mainland.

They were the first colonial power and claimed to be the "Sunset Empire".

In 1922, the Republic of Ireland became independent, and Northern Ireland remained in the United Kingdom, that is, Northern Ireland today.

2、中文

英国历史始于日耳曼人与凯尔特人，亦是后来的英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰，其源头可追溯到罗马统治时期。

英国全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由和北爱尔兰组成，而整个英国的历史也就是由这四个区域的历史交织组成。

1535年威尔士成为英格兰王国的一部分，1588年格拉沃利讷海战打败西班牙无敌舰队使英国挫败了国外天主教势力的入侵，基本消除了天主教的威胁，巩固了宗教改革的成果。

1640年英国在全球第一个爆发资产阶级革命，成为资产阶级革命的先驱。1649年5月19日宣布成立共和国。1660年王朝复辟，1688年发生“光荣革命”，确立了君主立宪制。

1707年英格兰与苏格兰合并，通过七年战争英国奠定日不落帝国的基础，并获取了海上霸主。

1801年又与爱尔兰合并。拿破仑战争后英国完成了日不落帝国的霸业。18世纪后半叶至19世纪上半叶，成为世界上第一个完成工业革命的国家。

19世纪是大英帝国的全盛时期，1914年占有的殖民地比本土大111倍，是第一殖民大国，自称“日不落帝国”。

1922年爱尔兰共和国独立，爱尔兰北部仍留在联合王国内，即是今天的北爱尔兰。

(9)英美历史文化概况英文版翻译扩展阅读：

英国历史大事：

1、英西战争

英西战争（英语：Anglo-Spanish War；西班牙语：Guerra anglo-española）（1585年–1604年）指西班牙帝国与英格兰王国之间未经正式宣战的间歇性冲突。

英西战争由多场大范围战役组成，起于1585年英国与荷兰签订楠萨奇条约，拥护荷兰抵抗西班牙帝国的统治。

1587年英国于加的斯率先夺胜，翌年于1588年格拉沃利讷海战击退西班牙无敌舰队，但1589年科伦纳·里斯本远征败北后情势逆转，西班牙在弗洛雷斯海战重振海军实力。

而英国分别在以后的1595-1596年西印度群岛远征和1597年的埃塞克斯-罗利远征决定性失败。西班牙先后在1596年和1597年派遣两支无敌舰队趁胜追击，但在恶劣的气候下遭挫。

无敌舰队战败后的十年间，西班牙加强了海军实力，对后来南美洲贵重金属的运输影响深远。而战争在1590年代走入僵局。

1602年英国与荷兰通过多佛海峡海战一度获取英吉利海峡乃至欧洲西部海域的主导权并持续两年。

1601-1604年西班牙进行了人类史上较为残酷、血腥的奥斯坦德之围，经过三年的围攻，英荷联军最终投降，西班牙军队拿下了这座城堡，使英荷西三方都想结束战争，回到和平。

1604年由腓力三世与新任英格兰国王詹姆斯一世代表签订伦敦条约后画下句点。西英协议分别停止对爱尔兰与尼德兰的军事介入，且英方放弃在公海上的劫掠行为。

缔约两方皆有达成部分目标，战后西班牙重获欧洲西部海域优势。条约整体有利于西班牙。但整起战争过程对两国财政都造成了相当程度的负担，而英国则进入40年的萎靡期。

2、蔷薇战争

蔷薇战争（又称玫瑰战争；英语：Wars of the Roses；1455年─1485年）是英王爱德华三世（1327年-1377年在位）的两支后裔：兰开斯特家族和约克家族的支持者为了争夺英格兰王位而发生断续的内战。

两大家族都是金雀花王朝王室的分支，约克家族是爱德华三世的第四子的后裔、兰开斯特家族是爱德华三世的第三子的后裔。

玫瑰战争是约克家族的爱德华三世的第五代、第六代继承人对兰开斯特家族的爱德华三世的第四代、第五代继承人的王位战争。

“玫瑰战争”一名并未使用于当时，而是在16世纪，莎士比亚在历史剧《亨利六世》中以两朵玫瑰被拔标志战争的开始后才成为普遍用语。

此名称源于两个家族所选的家徽，兰开斯特的红蔷薇Rosa gallica和约克的白蔷薇Rosa ×alba。

战争最终以兰开斯特家族的亨利七世与约克的伊丽莎白联姻为结束，也结束了法国金雀花王朝在英格兰的统治，开启了新的威尔士人都铎王朝的统治。 也标记着在英格兰中世纪时期的结束并走向新的文艺复兴时代。

为了纪念这次战争，英格兰以玫瑰（这里玫瑰实为欧洲古老蔷薇）为国花，并把皇室徽章改为红白蔷薇。

参考资料来源：网络——英国历史

参考资料来源：网络——玫瑰战争

参考资料来源：网络——英西战争