锅炉发展历史

1. 关于我国锅炉行业发展历程以及我国工业锅炉应用现状的调研报告

近年来，环保节能成为中国电力工业结构调整的重要方向，火电行业在“专上大压小”的政策导向属下积极推进产业结构优化升级，关闭大批能效低、污染重的小火电机组，在很大程度上加快了国内火电设备的更新换代。
前瞻产业研究院发布的《2014-2018年 中国工业锅炉行业市场需求与投资规划分析报告前瞻》显示，至2012年底，单机容量30万千瓦及以上火电机组占全部火电机组容量的60%以上。火电行业的“上大压小”也推动了电站锅炉向高参数、大容量方向发展。此外，循环流化床、IGCC等清洁煤技术逐渐成熟，应用也日益广泛，从而推动了CFB锅炉与IGCC气化炉的发展。

2. 锅炉发展史的英文

Boilers is the use of fuel or other energy, geothermal energy, heating the water to become hot water or steam machinery and equipment. Boilers and furnaces, including two major pot, pot is the original meaning refers to the fire on the water heating container, fuel burning furnace is the place.
Generated in the boiler water or steam can be directly provided for by proction and living needs of the heat, and steam power plant can be converted to mechanical energy, or mechanical energy through the generators will be converted to electrical energy. Boilers to provide hot water as hot water boilers, mainly for living, instrial proction is also a small number of applications. Boiler for steam to be generated as the steam boiler, steam generator, also known, often referred to as the boiler, steam power plant is an important component of the power plant are used, ships, locomotives and instrial and mining enterprises.

Under high temperature and high pressure boilers, the importance of security issues. Even the small boiler, in the event of an explosion, the consequences are very serious. Therefore, the material on the boiler selection, design and calculation, manufacture and testing have formulated strict laws and regulations.

Boilers

The development of boilers and furnaces at two aspects of pot.

Half of the 18th century, the steam engine used in the British coal mines, including the Watt steam engine, including the initial stage, the use of steam pressure equal to atmospheric pressure. The second half of the 18th century to switch to higher than atmospheric pressure steam. The 19th century, commonly used steam pressure to about 0.8 MPa. To adapt, the first steam boiler is a water of the large-diameter vertical cylindrical shell pot, then switch to horizontal pot shell, shell in the pan in the bottom of brick furnace burner.

Growing in volume as the boiler, in order to increase the heating surface in the pot to install fire extinguishers in the shell, the front burner in the fire extinguishers, smoke from the fire extinguisher from the back through the row of brick to the chimney flue and pot shell external heating, boiler as the fire extinguishers. Fitted only the beginning of a fire extinguisher, fire extinguishers as a single boiler or boiler Connie Hsu, and later added two fire extinguishers, fire extinguishers as the double boiler or boiler Lancashire.

Around 1830, the availability of high-quality steel proction and expanding technology of fire-tube boilers there. A number of fire-tube shell in a pot, which constitute the main heating surface of boiler, fire (gas) flow in the tube. The water in the pot line shell fitted with as many as possible of the fire-tube, known as the outside horizontal tube boilers burning temper. Its low metal consumption, but requires a lot of masonry.

The mid-19th century, there have been boiler pipes. Boiler heating surface is a pot of water mains outside the shell, replacing the shell itself and the pot pot shell fire extinguishers, fire-tube. Boiler steam pressure to heat the area and the increase in shell diameter pot is no longer subject to the restrictions it will help to raise the boiler pressure and steam evaporation. This boiler pot cylindrical shell was renamed as the drum, or drum. Water tube boiler early just straight pipes, straight pipes and the pressure of the boiler capacity is limited.

Early twentieth century, steam began to develop, it requires the parameters with a high capacity and steam boilers. Straight pipes can not meet the requirements of the boiler. With the manufacturing process and water treatment technology, a water-tube boiler bends. Is the beginning of a multi-drum type. With the water wall, superheater and economizer applications, as well as the internal drum of gasoline and water to improve the separation of components, decreasing the number of drum, not only to save the metal, and concive to raising the boiler pressure, temperature, capacity and efficiency .

Previous boiler fire extinguishers, fire-tube boilers and water tube boilers are natural circulation boilers, water vapor on the rise, decline because of the heat pipe is different, and the density difference caused by a natural flow. In the development of the natural cycle of the boiler at the same time, applications from the beginning of the 30's once-through boiler, 40 ring the beginning of the application of assisted circulation boiler.

Also known as assisted circulation boiler forced circulation boiler, it is in the natural circulation boiler developed on the basis of. Vertical pipe in the installation of circulating pump system to enhance the evaporation of water heating surface. There is no once-through boiler drum, water supply to pump into the economizer, the water wall and superheater heating surface, such as evaporation into superheated steam to the turbine, the various parts of the flow resistance to the pump by to overcome.

After World War II, these two types of boiler developed rapidly, because the requirements of generating units and large-capacity high temperature and high pressure. The development of both boiler is designed to rece or do not drum, small diameter tubes can be used for heating surface can be arranged relatively freely heating surface. With the automatic control and water treatment technology, which is graally taking shape. In the supercritical pressure, once-through boiler is only used in a boiler, 70's single largest capacity of the pressure of 27 MPa with 1300 MW units. Later, the development of assisted circulation by the boiler and once-through boiler compound boiler from the combined cycle.

In the development process of the boiler, fuel type and combustion equipment for the furnace have a great impact. Therefore, not only to adapt to the development of a variety of furnace combustion characteristics of different types of fuel, but also improve the combustion efficiency to rece energy consumption. In addition, the furnace and combustion equipment also requires improving the boiler flue gas to minimize pollutants (sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides)

The early adoption of a fixed shell boiler grate, multi-fuel with high-quality coal and firewood, coal and slag removal are by hand. Straight pipes after the boiler began to use mechanized grate, grate chain which has been widely used. Under grate air never subparagraph "EC warehouse style" development component supply segment.

Early furnace low, low combustion efficiency. Later it was recognized that the structure of the furnace volume and the role of the combustion, the furnace-made high, and the use of furnace arch and secondary air, resulting in improved combustion efficiency.

Power generating units over 6 MW, the layer above the grate burner size too large, the structure of complex and difficult layout, so the use of Room 20 ring the beginning of combustion furnaces, room heaters burning coal and oil combustion. Ground into a pulverized coal from Coal burner later injected into the combustion furnace, the capacity of generating units burning equipment was no longer subject to restrictions. Since the beginning of World War II, almost all of the use of power plant boiler furnace combustion chamber.

The early years of the pulverized coal to create a U-shaped flame. Pulverized coal burner air exhaled in the first drop in the furnace, and then turn increased. Later, a pre-arrangement of the cyclone wall burner, the flame in the furnace to form L-shaped torch. With the increased capacity of the boiler, burner swirl number have begun to increase, can be arranged in both sides of the wall, the former wall can also be arranged. 1930 arranged around a corner in the furnace and most of the way into tangentially fired burner DC.

After World War II, the oil price, widely used in many countries, oil-fired boiler to start. Oil-fired boiler to increase the degree of automation easy. 70s after the oil price increases, many countries have once again shifted the use of coal resources. At this time the capacity of power plant boiler is also increasing demands combustion equipment can not only burn completely and fire stability, reliable operation, low-load performance, and also the need to rece pollutants in smoke.

In the coal (especially lignite fired) power plant boiler used in the staged combustion or low temperature combustion technology, that is, the delay coal mixed with air or mixed gas in the air so as to slow down the combustion or burner to curb spread open temperature, not only inhibited the generation of nitrogen oxides, but also to rece slagging. Boiling temperature combustion is a combustion, combustible with the exception of a very high ash solid fuel, but also mixing in the boiling bed of limestone for desulfurization.

Boiler work

Boiler, said boiler performance parameters are the main indicators, including the capacity of the boiler, steam pressure, steam temperature, water temperature.

Rated boiler capacity available for evaporation or maximum evaporation expressed. Evaporation is rated the required outlet pressure, temperature and efficiency, the unit time for the steam proction capacity. Evaporation is the largest for the export of the required pressure, temperature, the unit time to the maximum amount of continuous proction of steam.

Parameters, including steam boiler steam pressure and temperature, usually refers to superheater, reheater exit of superheated steam pressure and temperature if there is no overheating and Reheater, meaning that the exit of the boiler steam pressure and temperature. Economizer water temperature is the temperature of the water, no economizer inlet temperature when the drum means.

Boilers can be classified in different ways. Boilers can be classified by end-use of instrial boilers, utility boilers, marine boilers and locomotive boilers, etc.; by boiler outlet pressure can be divided into low, medium pressure, high pressure, high pressure, sub-critical pressure, supercritical pressure boiler; boiler by water and flue gas flow path of the fire extinguishers can be divided into the boiler, fire tube boilers and water tube boiler, in which fire extinguishers and fire-tube boiler as the boiler and shell boiler; by a revolving basis, can be divided into the natural circulation boiler, auxiliary boiler cycle (that is, mandatory cycle of the boiler), once-through boiler and combined cycle boilers; by combustion, the boiler room is divided into burning stoves, heaters and boiling layer burning heaters.

In the water system, water heated in the heater to a certain temperature, the water supply pipe into the economizer, and further into the drum after heating, and boiler water mixture downstream along the vertical pipe to the water wall header imports. Water absorption in the water-wall tube furnace to form a soft mixture of radiant heat by the arrival of drum riser, the separation device by soft water, gas separation. Separated from the saturated steam flow from the upper drum to the superheater, to continue to endothermic become superheated steam of 450 ℃, and then to the steam turbine.

Burning and smoke in the wind systems, air blower into the air preheater heating to a certain temperature. In the mill was ground into a certain fineness of pulverized coal from a part of the air preheater by the hot air to carry injected into the furnace burner. Out of the coal burner and air mixture in the furnace with the rest of the hot air combustion, a large number of heat release. Thermal post-combustion flue gas flowing through the furnace order, condensate resie control, superheater, economizer and air preheater, and then after a st removal device, remove the fly ash, the last by the suction fan to the chimney into the atmosphere row.

Boiler structure

The overall structure of the boiler, including boiler and auxiliary equipment of two major parts. Boiler in the furnace, drum, burner, wall superheater, economizer, air preheater, furnace wall structure and composition of major components of the core of the proction of steam, known as the boiler. Boiler in the two most important components are the furnace and the drum.

Also known as furnace combustion chamber, fuel combustion for space. Will be on solid fuel on the grate for the fire-bed combustion furnace known as the layer burning stoves, also known as the fire-bed furnace; will be liquid, gas or ground into a powder of the solid fuel, is injected into the combustion chamber of the furnace of fire known as the Room burning furnace, furnace room, also known as the fire; air will hold its coal combustion was boiling and low-grade fuel for combustion furnace known as the boiling furnace, also known as the fluidized bed furnace; the use of coal particles of air flow so that high-speed rotation, and strongly burning furnace of cylindrical furnace known as the Tornado.

Furnace cross-section of generally square or rectangular. Fuel combustion in the furnace flame and high temperature flue gas to form, so the stove around the furnace wall by the high temperature materials and thermal insulation materials. In the furnace wall on the inner surface of the regular laying of water-wall tube, it will not burn the protection of furnace wall and the flame and high temperature flue gas to absorb the large number of radiant heat.

Furnace designed to take full account of the characteristics of the use of fuel. Each boiler shall be fueled with the original design as much as possible fuel. Burning characteristics of the larger difference in fuel economy when the boiler operation and reliability can be reced.

Drum is a natural cycle and multiple forced circulation boiler, the economizer to accept the water supply, circuit connection to the steam superheater cylinder delivery device described. Traditional drum made from high quality thick steel plate is a boiler in one of the most important components.

Drum's main function is water, soft drinks to the separation of pot ruled out running in the saline water and mud resie, to avoid high concentrations of salt and impurities in the boiler water with the steam entering the superheater and the steam turbine in.

Device includes an internal drum separator and steam cleaning equipment, water distribution pipes, sewage processing equipment such as drugs. Separator device which is to come from the wall and the saturated steam from the water and to minimize the steam in small water droplets carried. , The low-pressure boilers used as a baffle and baffle gap separating coarse components; over medium-pressure boiler in addition to a variety of widely used types of cyclone for the separation of rough, but also with 100 windows, steel mesh or steam, etc. are carried out further separated. Drum water level is also equipped with a table, a safety valve, such as monitoring and protection facilities.

To assess performance and to improve the design, often have to go through the boiler heat balance test. Directly from the efficient use of energy to calculate the thermal efficiency of boiler is a balanced approach is called, from a variety of heat loss to the efficiency of counter-balance method is called counter-balance. Consider the practical benefits of the boiler room not only depends on the thermal efficiency of boilers, but also taking into account the auxiliary boiler and the amount of energy.

Unit mass or unit volume of fuel combustion, the chemical reaction is calculated according to the theory of air known as air traffic demand. In order to make the fuel in the furnace, there are more opportunities for contact with oxygen combustion, the actual volume of air into the furnace is greater than the total theoretical air. Although more air into the incomplete combustion can rece heat loss, but the smoke will increase heat loss, but also exacerbate corrosion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides generated. Therefore efforts should be made to improve the combustion technology for small to minimize the excess air ratio so that the combustion chamber completely.

Boiler flue gas contained st (including fly ash and carbon black), oxides of sulfur and nitrogen pollution in the atmosphere are the material, without purification of their emission targets can be achieved several times indicators of environmental protection provisions of the several dozen times. Emissions control measures of these substances have a pre-combustion, improved combustion technology, desting, desulfurization and denitrification, such as. High chimney with only the area around the chimney to rece atmospheric concentrations of pollutants.

Flue gas st removal of the force used by gravity, centrifugal force, inertia force of adhesion, as well as sound waves, static electricity and so on. Generally used for coarse particle sedimentation and inertial force of gravity separation, at a high capacity centrifugal separation under the regular use of electrostatic precipitators and bag st filter with high collection efficiency. And the Sultan's wet - water film st collector in the droplet adhesion film can fly, can absorb a very high collection efficiency of gaseous pollutants.

The twentieth century since the 50's, people strive to develop comprehensive utilization of ash, Wei of harm. Ash manufacturers such as cement, brick and concrete aggregate and other construction materials. 70s extract from fly ash from Cenosphere, such as a fire-resistant insulation materials.

Boiler future development will further enhance the thermal efficiency of boilers and power plants; boilers and power plants to rece the unit cost of power equipment; to improve the operation of boiler unit level of flexibility and automation; to develop more varieties to suit different boiler fuel; raise the boiler unit and its the operation of auxiliary equipment reliability; to rece environmental pollution.

3. 锅炉的发展

火力发电是我国主要的发电方式，电站锅炉作为火力电站的三大主机设版备之一，伴随着我权国火电行业的发展而发展。
随着时间的推移，环保节能成为中国电力工业结构调整的重要方向，火电行业在“上大压小”的政策导向下积极推进产业结构优化升级，关闭大批能效低、污染重的小火电机组，在很大程度上加快了国内火电设备的更新换代。
至2010年底，单机容量30万千瓦及以上火电机组占全部火电机组容量的60%以上。火电行业的“上大压小”也推动了电站锅炉向高参数、大容量方向发展。此外，循环流化床、IGCC等清洁煤技术逐渐成熟，应用也日益广泛，从而推动了CFB锅炉与IGCC气化炉的发展。
由于历史原因，我国形成三大电站设备制造基地，上海电气、哈动力、东方电气三大集团各自独立形成大规模成套电站设备研发制造能力，是国内电站设备制造第一梯队;也是国内锅炉制造第一梯队。单从产量上看，三大电站锅炉制造企业已经占据国内电站锅炉产品市场份额的60%。

4. 电厂锅炉的发展概况

由于材料的限制,锅炉的参数基本已经到了极限,主要是考虑环保的需要,电站锅炉专都在向脱硫\脱氮等方向发展属,目前比较成熟的是循环流化床锅炉;另外,锅炉控制的自动化,智能化也是一个发展趋势.至于说核电取代锅炉,还是别做梦了,中国已探明的能源储量的60%以上是煤炭,20%以上是石油天然气,10%左右是水利,只有不到10%是核能和其他能源,还要留点造原子弹,保卫国家,想用核电取代锅炉还是等下辈吧,当然,上面的数据是以前的了,可是留意一下近几年的新闻大家就会发现,新发现的能源还是化石燃料占大多数.

5. 全球电站锅炉的发展历史及趋势

全球现在发展中国家比较多，发展中国家很多聘请日本，有些事中国去做核电的，因为效率高，而且他们空地也大，也能够满足国内的电力需求。

6. 锅炉历史、现状、及发展状况分析

锅炉的发展分锅和炉两个方面。
18世纪上半叶，英国煤矿使用的蒸汽机，包括瓦特的初期蒸汽机在内，所用的蒸汽压力等于大气压力。18世纪后半叶改用高于大气压力的蒸汽。19世纪，常用的蒸汽压力提高到0.8兆帕左右。与此相适应，最早的蒸汽锅炉是一个盛水的大直径圆筒形立式锅壳，后来改用卧式锅壳，在锅壳下方砖砌炉体中烧火。
随着锅炉越做越大，为了增加受热面积，在锅壳中加装火筒，在火筒前端烧火，烟气从火筒后面出来，通过砖砌的烟道排向烟囱并对锅壳的外部加热，称为火筒锅炉。开始只装一只火筒，称为单火筒锅炉或康尼许锅炉，后来加到两个火筒，称为双火筒锅炉或兰开夏锅炉.
发展历史
1830年左右，在掌握了优质钢管的生产和胀管技术之后出现了火管锅炉。一些火管装在锅壳中，构成锅炉的主要受热面，火(烟气)在管内流过。在锅壳的存水线以下装上尽量多的火管，称为卧式外燃回火管锅炉。它的金属耗量较低，但需要很大的砌体。
19世纪中叶，出现了水管锅炉。锅炉受热面是锅壳外的水管，取代了锅壳本身和锅壳内的火筒、火管。锅炉的受热面积和蒸汽压力的增加不再受到锅壳直径的限制，有利于提高锅炉蒸发量和蒸汽压力。这种锅炉中的圆筒形锅壳遂改名为锅筒，或称为汽包。初期的水管锅炉只用直水管，直水管锅炉的压力和容量都受到限制。
二十世纪初期，汽轮机开始发展，它要求配以容量和蒸汽参数较高的锅炉。直水管锅炉已不能满足要求。随着制造工艺和水处理技术的发展，出现了弯水管式锅炉。开始是采用多锅筒式。随着水冷壁、过热器和省煤器的应用，以及锅筒内部汽、水分离元件的改进，锅筒数目逐渐减少，既节约了金属，又有利于提高锅炉的压力、温度、容量和效率。
辅助循环锅炉又称强制循环锅炉，它是在自然循环锅炉的基础上发展起来的。在下降管系统内加装循环泵，以加强蒸发受热面的水循环。直流锅炉中没有锅筒，给水由给水泵送入省煤器，经水冷壁和过热器等蒸发受热面，变成过热蒸汽送往汽轮机，各部分流动阻力全由给水泵来克服。
第二次世界大战以后，这两种型式的锅炉得到较快发展，因为当时发电机组要求高温高压和大容量。发展这两种锅炉的目的是缩小或不用锅筒，可以采用小直径管子作受热面，可以比较自由地布置受热面。随着自动控制和水处理技术的进步，它们渐趋成熟。在超临界压力时，直流锅炉是唯一可以采用的一种锅炉，70年代最大的单台容量是27兆帕压力配1300兆瓦发电机组。后来又发展了由辅助循环锅炉和直流锅炉复合而成的复合循环锅炉。
在锅炉的发展过程中，燃料种类对炉膛和燃烧设备有很大的影响。因此，不但要求发展各种炉型来适应不同燃料的燃烧特点，而且还要提高燃烧效率以节约能源。此外，炉膛和燃烧设备的技术改进还要求尽量减少锅炉排烟中的污染物(硫氧化物和氮氧化物)
链带式链条炉排
早年的锅壳锅炉采用固定炉排，多燃用优质煤和木柴，加煤和除渣均用手工操作。直水管锅炉出现后开始采用机械化炉排，其中链条炉排得到了广泛的应用。炉排下送风从不分段的“统仓风”发展成分段送风。
早期炉膛低矮，燃烧效率低。后来人们认识到炉膛容积和结构在燃烧中的作用，将炉膛造高，并采用炉拱和二次风，从而提高了燃烧效率。
发电机组功率超过6兆瓦时，以上这些层燃炉的炉排尺寸太大，结构复杂，不易布置，所以20年代开始使用室燃炉，室燃炉燃烧煤粉和油。煤由磨煤机磨成煤粉后用燃烧器喷入炉膛燃烧，发电机组的容量遂不再受燃烧设备的限制。自第二次世界大战初起，电站锅炉几乎全部采用室燃炉。
早年制造的煤粉炉采用了U形火焰。燃烧器喷出的煤粉气流在炉膛中先下降，再转弯上升。后来又出现了前墙布置的旋流式燃烧器，火焰在炉膛中形成L形火炬。随着锅炉容量增大，旋流式燃烧器的数目也开始增加，可以布置在两侧墙，也可以布置在前后墙。1930年左右出现了布置在炉膛四角且大多成切圆燃烧方式的直流燃烧器。
第二次世界大战后，石油价廉，许多国家开始广泛采用燃油锅炉。燃油锅炉的自动化程度容易提高。70年代石油提价后，许多国家又重新转向利用煤炭资源。这时电站锅炉的容量也越来越大，要求燃烧设备不仅能燃烧完全，着火稳定，运行可靠，低负荷性能好，还必须减少排烟中的污染物质。

发展收益
2005年全年中国中国锅炉及原动机制造业实现累计工业总产值154,846,232千元，比2004年同期增长37％；全年实现累计产品销售收入141,036,704千元，比2004年同期增长35.9％；全年实现累计利润总额9,696,312千元，比2004年同期增长39.3％。2006年1-12月，中国锅炉及原动机制造业实现累计工业总产值186,112,488千元，比上年同期增长22.93％；实现累计产品销售收入173,137,987千元，比上年同期增长26.78％，全年实现累计利润总额11,905,751千元，比上年同期增长了20.5％；2007年1-2月，中国锅炉及原动机制造业企业实现累计工业总产值29,052,541千元，比上年同期增长18.61％；实现累计产品销售收入23,884,869千元，比上年同期增长16.63％，实现累计利润总额1,419,368千元，比上年同期增长1.7％。
2005年1-12月，全国工业锅炉累计产量为150,397.90蒸发量吨，与2004年同期相比增长了9.59％；2006年1-12月，全国工业锅炉累计产量为192,378.44蒸发量吨，与2005年同期相比增长了11.26％；2007年1-2月，全国工业锅炉累计产量为29,540.58蒸发量吨，与2006年同期相比增长了31.7％。
2005年1-12月，全国电站锅炉累计产量为321,331.60蒸发量吨，与2004年同期相比增长了37.5％；2006年1-12月，全国电站锅炉累计产量为514,475.80蒸发量吨，与2005年同期相比增长了9.31％；2007年1-2月，全国电站锅炉累计产量为52,777.00蒸发量吨，与2005年同期相比增长了11.12％。
2006年，中国蒸汽、过热水锅炉进口数量为为9,372,901.00台/公斤，比2005年同期下降54.9％，用汇183,365,503.00美元，比2005年同期下降9％；2006年的出口数量为86,940,454.00台/公斤，比上年同期增长68.7％，创汇325,970,114.00美元，比上年同期增长80.9％；
2006年中国供暖锅炉进口数量为1,574,525.00台/公斤，比2005年同期增长2.8％，用汇65,961,186.00美元，比上年同期下降6％；2006年的出口数量为2,833,581.00台/公斤，比2005年同期增长20.4％，创汇10,832,594.00美元，比2005年同期增长11.74％。
中国锅炉制造业取得了长足的进步，目前已可以生产多种不同压力等级和容量的锅炉，已成为当今世界锅炉生产和使用最多的国家。同时，轻工纺织、能源化工、钢铁煤炭等锅炉相关产业的迅速发展给锅炉行业带来了广阔的发展空间和发展动力。

7. 燃油热水锅炉发展历程

燃油热水锅炉是指燃料以燃料有为主的锅炉.燃油热水锅炉具有高科技的全自动控制系统，配有多项安全保护装置，缺水保护、超压保护、熄火保护、压力异常保护、烟道超温保护；结构采用高新技术，它具有体保小，结构紧凑安装方便，操作简单，自动调节，把燃料加压至雾化，微正压燃烧使其然燃料燃烧的更充分，减少燃料的损失和燃气的排放，是现代工业用汽使用最便捷，最节能、环保达标产品。 燃油热水锅炉的特点 1、采用全湿背中心回焰燃烧结构，此结构炉胆空间大，有效幅射受热面大，受热面积最大优化利用，保证了锅炉的高效节能，湿背式结构后管板不受高温烟气冲刷，大大延长锅炉寿命。 2、螺纹烟管，具有良好的热伸缩性，科学的气流设计，炉内温度场均匀，且有效吸收火焰热量，有效控制Nox的生成,加之优良可靠的进口燃烧器,使燃料得到安全燃烧,符合国际最严格的环保要求. 3、前后烟箱盖均采用活动烟箱门，炉体内开设人孔、头孔、手孔，简化了清洁工作，使维修、养护极为方便。 4、先进的智能全自动控制，全中文菜单液晶屏，人机界面和可编程序控制器，动态图形化工作运行状态显示，用户只需设定时间参数，选择连续，定时工作方式，轻松设定，锅炉即能按所定程序自动运行，负荷调节，自动给水等均为全自动运作。 5标准RS485接口，实现远程集中控制远程监控，并可组成多台锅炉网络，根据负荷变化自动运行。 6、设有多重联锁保护，加上又重独立的水位控制报警、三重压力保护及报警，确保锅炉在各种工况下万无一失，安全到家。 7、蒸汽锅炉采用下置燃烧机，三回程结构，传热面积大，烟管内插扰流片，热效率高，内置汽水分离器，确保蒸汽品质。 8、进口彩板（不锈钢）、岩棉包装。美观大方，永不锈蚀。

8. 锅炉的历史及原理

锅炉是利用燃料或其他能源的热能，把水加热成为热水或蒸汽的机械设备。锅炉包括锅和炉两大部分，锅的原义是指在火上加热的盛水容器，炉是指燃烧燃料的场所。 锅炉中产生的热水或蒸汽可直接为生产和生活提供所需要的热能，也可通过蒸汽动力装置转换为机械能，或再通过发电机将机械能转换为电能。提供热水的锅炉称为热水锅炉，主要用于生活，工业生产中也有少量应用。产生蒸汽的锅炉称为蒸汽锅炉，又叫蒸汽发生器，常简称为锅炉，是蒸汽动力装置的重要组成部分，多用于火电站、船舶、机车和工矿企业。 锅炉承受高温高压，安全问题十分重要。即使是小型锅炉，一旦发生爆炸，后果也十分严重。因此，对锅炉的材料选用、设计计算、制造和检验等都制订有严格的法规。 锅炉的发展 锅炉的发展分锅和炉两个方面。 18世纪上半叶，英国煤矿使用的蒸汽机，包括瓦特的初期蒸汽机在内，所用的蒸汽压力等于大气压力。18世纪后半叶改用高于大气压力的蒸汽。19世纪，常用的蒸汽压力提高到0.8兆帕左右。与此相适应，最早的蒸汽锅炉是一个盛水的大直径圆筒形立式锅壳，后来改用卧式锅壳，在锅壳下方砖砌炉体中烧火。 随着锅炉越做越大，为了增加受热面积，在锅壳中加装火筒，在火筒前端烧火，烟气从火筒后面出来，通过砖砌的烟道排向烟囱并对锅壳的外部加热，称为火筒锅炉。开始只装一只火筒，称为单火筒锅炉或康尼许锅炉，后来加到两个火筒，称为双火筒锅炉或兰开夏锅炉。 1830年左右，在掌握了优质钢管的生产和胀管技术之后出现了火管锅炉。一些火管装在锅壳中，构成锅炉的主要受热面，火(烟气)在管内流过。在锅壳的存水线以下装上尽量多的火管，称为卧式外燃回火管锅炉。它的金属耗量较低，但需要很大的砌体。 19世纪中叶，出现了水管锅炉。锅炉受热面是锅壳外的水管，取代了锅壳本身和锅壳内的火筒、火管。锅炉的受热面积和蒸汽压力的增加不再受到锅壳直径的限制，有利于提高锅炉蒸发量和蒸汽压力。这种锅炉中的圆筒形锅壳遂改名为锅筒，或称为汽包。初期的水管锅炉只用直水管，直水管锅炉的压力和容量都受到限制。 二十世纪初期，汽轮机开始发展，它要求配以容量和蒸汽参数较高的锅炉。直水管锅炉已不能满足要求。随着制造工艺和水处理技术的发展，出现了弯水管式锅炉。开始是采用多锅筒式。随着水冷壁、过热器和省煤器的应用，以及锅筒内部汽、水分离元件的改进，锅筒数目逐渐减少，既节约了金属，又有利于提高锅炉的压力、温度、容量和效率。 以前的火筒锅炉、火管锅炉和水管锅炉都属于自然循环锅炉，水汽在上升、下降管路中因受热情况不同，造成密度差而产生自然流动。在发展自然循环锅炉的同时，从30年代开始应用直流锅炉，40年代开始应用辅助循环锅炉。 辅助循环锅炉又称强制循环锅炉，它是在自然循环锅炉的基础上发展起来的。在下降管系统内加装循环泵，以加强蒸发受热面的水循环。直流锅炉中没有锅筒，给水由给水泵送入省煤器，经水冷壁和过热器等蒸发受热面，变成过热蒸汽送往汽轮机，各部分流动阻力全由给水泵来克服。 第二次世界大战以后，这两种型式的锅炉得到较快发展，因为当时发电机组要求高温高压和大容量。发展这两种锅炉的目的是缩小或不用锅筒，可以采用小直径管子作受热面，可以比较自由地布置受热面。随着自动控制和水处理技术的进步，它们渐趋成熟。在超临界压力时......太多了，不打了自己看吧http://gzguolu.blogspot.com/

9. 锅炉的发展史及原理

火力发电是我国主要的发电方式，电站锅炉作为火力电站的三大主机设备之一，版伴随着我国火权电行业的发展而发展。

近年来，环保节能成为中国电力工业结构调整的重要方向，火电行业在“上大压小”的政策导向下积极推进产业结构优化升级，关闭大批能效低、污染重的小火电机组，在很大程度上加快了国内火电设备的更新换代。

前瞻产业研究院发布的《中国电站锅炉行业深度调研与投资预测分析报告》显示，至2010年底，单机容量30万千瓦及以上火电机组占全部火电机组容量的60%以上。火电行业的“上大压小”也推动了电站锅炉向高参数、大容量方向发展。此外，循环流化床、IGCC等清洁煤技术逐渐成熟，应用也日益广泛，从而推动了CFB锅炉与IGCC气化炉的发展。