发展历史英文介绍

Ⅰ 急求一份苹果公司的发展史等 英文介绍！！

不知道你需要苹果哪个阶段的发展史？先看看这些吧，希望有用。
Apple Inc., formerly Apple Computer, Inc., is a multinational corporation that creates consumer electronics, computer software, and commercial servers. Apple's core proct lines are the iPad, iPhone, iPod music player, and Macintosh computer line-up. Founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak effectively created Apple Computer on April 1, 1976, with the release of the Apple I, and incorporated the company on January 3, 1977, in Cupertino, California. For more than two decades, Apple Computer was predominantly a manufacturer of personal computers, including the Apple II, Macintosh, and Power Mac lines, but it faced rocky sales and low market share ring the 1990s. Jobs, who had been ousted from the company in 1985, returned to become Apple's CEO in 1996 after his company NeXT was bought by Apple Inc., and he brought with him a new corporate philosophy of recognizable procts and simple design. With the introction of the successful iPod music player in 2001, Apple established itself as a leader in the consumer electronics instry, dropping "Computer" from its name. The latest era of phenomenal success for the company has been in the iOS range of procts that began with the iPhone, iPod Touch and now iPad. As of 2011[update], Apple is the largest technology firm in the world, with annual revenues of more than $60 billion

Ⅱ 英语的发展史

卢恩语(Futhark)→古英语(即盎格鲁-撒克逊语)(Old English、Anglo-Saxon)→英国英语(English)

1.英语的发展要追溯到公元410年，罗马人离开不列颠之后，日耳曼部族包括盎格鲁、萨克逊开始涌入。

2.罗马人走了，没有留下他们使用的拉丁语。反倒是实用的盎格鲁萨克逊语言进入到当地人的语言，带去了新的词汇。

3.公元597年，基督教传入英国。基督教的流行，使当地人更容易接受拉丁文的怪字，如“martyr（烈士）”, “bishop”和 “font”。

4.公元800年，丹麦人入侵英国。维京语言给英语带来了好战意味明显的词汇，英语中共有2000个词汇源于维京人。

5.1066年,征服者威廉入侵不列颠，带来了来自海峡对岸的法语。法语成为了上层阶级与官方事务用语。总的来讲，英文大概从诺曼语中吸收了一万多个单词。

6.1337 年，英法百年战争开始。在这116年的争斗中，英语吸收了法语中的战争词汇，如“armies”, “navies” 及 “soldiers“， 并逐步取代法语，成为当权者的语言。

7.100年之后诞生了莎士比亚。字典告诉我们，莎士比亚大概发明了2000多个新字，包括好用的词汇还有很多当时的流行词汇。

8.1611年出现了詹姆士王版圣经。新圣经使用了所有人都能理解的语言，使得圣经中的教训不再是“王宫粉墙上”的文字，而是手中的小册，并有传教士在每间教堂宣传。

9.17世纪，科学得到了迅速的发展。皇家学院的科学家们一开始用拉丁文沟通，后来发现其实用自己的母语英文会更简洁。新事物的发现产生了许多新的词汇。

10.在日不落帝国迅速扩张时期，英语从殖民地不同的语言中吸收了许多新的词汇与表达。据统计，在1815年到1914年期间，新变种的英文得以在世界各地发展。

11.随着英文向四面八方扩张，词典编纂者也随之出现，这些人想要解决拼字不统一的无政府状态。于是约翰逊博士花了九年编成了一本英文字典，促成了拼写的统一。

12.英语由古代从丹麦等斯堪的纳维亚半岛以及德国、荷兰及周边移民至不列颠群岛的盎格鲁、撒克逊以及朱特部落的白人所说的语言演变而来，并通过英国的殖民活动传播到了世界各地。

13.在19至20世纪，英国以及美国在文化、经济、军事、政治和科学在世界上的领先地位使得英语成为一种国际语言。如今，许多国际场合都使用英语做为沟通媒介。

(2)发展历史英文介绍扩展阅读

古英语受低地日耳曼语影响很大，比如动词，基本词汇，发音，复合词结构，形态变化很复杂，但是与现代的标准德语还是有很大的区别。

现代英语并非起源或演变自罗曼语族亦或是法语，但是数万现代英语词汇，很大一部分来自法语，约5万英语词汇与法语接近甚至是完全相同，现代英语和多数现代欧洲语言都改用字母拼写。

现代英语所使用的拼写字母，也是完全借用了26个字母。所谓“英语字母”，就是古罗马人在书写时所使用的拼写字母。

英语开始以拉丁字母作为拼写系统大约是在公元六世纪盎格鲁撒克逊时代。

参考资料

英语-网络

Ⅲ English的发展历史

早期日耳曼人四支部落（盎格鲁族、撒克逊族、朱特族和弗里西族）移民到英格兰，英语就是从他们的语言中变化继承下来。据《盎格鲁撒克逊编年史》记载，公元449年左右，不列颠群岛国王伏提庚（Vortigern）邀请“盎格鲁亲戚们”来帮助他对抗皮克特人，于是他赐予盎格鲁族东南部的领土作为回报。随后他又进一步寻求支援，撒克逊族、盎格鲁族与朱特族人便纷纷前来。《编年史》记载，最终这些“移民”建立了七个王国：诺森伯利亚、麦西亚、东盎格利亚、肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯。
日尔曼人入侵后，统治了当地的凯尔特语民族，本地语言主要于苏格兰、威尔士、康瓦耳与爱尔兰存活了下来。这些入侵者的语言逐渐形成了“古英语”，与近代弗里西语极为相像。English（英格兰人、英语）、England（英格兰）和East Anglia（东盎格利亚）这三个词是分别从描绘盎格鲁族的词汇发展而来：Englisc、 Angelcynn、Englaland。
公元九世纪，斯堪的纳维亚人大规模侵入英国北部。九世纪末，入侵者几乎占领了整个英国的东半部。斯堪的纳维亚人说的是北日尔曼语。北日尔曼语和西日尔曼语的差别不是很悬殊。斯堪的纳维亚人入侵的结果使大量斯堪的纳维亚语（以古诺斯语Old Norse为代表）的词汇进入了古英语的词汇。古诺斯语和古英语有很多同义词汇，结果古诺斯语词在英语词汇里往往取古英语词而代之。
1066年诺曼征服后三百年内，英格兰的国王只讲法语。因此一大批法语词汇进入了古英语，古英语本身也失去了大部分曲折变化，形成中古英语。1500年左右的元音大推移将中古英语变形为近代英语。古英语最著名的文学作品是《贝奥武夫》，中古英语则是《坎特伯里故事集》。
近代英语在莎士比亚所处的时期开始繁荣，一些学者将之分为早期近代英语与后期近代英语，分界线为1800年左右。随着不列颠对全世界大部分地区的占领和殖民，当地语言也很大程度上影响了英语的发
一、古英语时期——公元449年至1100年
古英语时期共有四种主要方言：
（1）诺森伯里亚方言——洪伯河（the Humber）以北的方言；
（2）梅尔西亚方言——界乎洪伯河与泰晤士河之间的英国中部地区的方言；
（3）肯特（Kentish）方言——居住在英国东南部地区的朱待人的方言；
（4）西撤克逊方言——泰晤士河以南的方言。诺森伯里亚和悔尔西亚这两种方言又合称盎格里亚方言，即盎格鲁人居住地区的方言。
二、中古英语时期——公元1100年至1500年
三、现代英语（Modern English，Mod E．）时期——公元1500年至今；
现代英语时期又细分为：
（1）早期现代英语时期Early ModernEnglish period——公元1500年至1700年；
（2）后期现代英语时期LateModernEnglish period——公元1700年至当前。

Ⅳ 火车发展史的英文介绍

China Railway began in the late Qing Dynasty. However, the Qing government corruption, conservative, authoritarian, but regulation of ancestors from, refused to accept new things. They built railways, the application of steam as a "淫巧often associated with", that will repair the railway "I lost dangers, harm I Tin House, hindered my feng shui", which stubbornly refused to build the railway.
July 3, 1876, from Britain, the United States of collusion by British agents in China - Jardines - ostensibly carrying the construction of the Qing government to Shanghai from Wusong an "unusual road," the land without permission in China China built the first business of the railway line is completed, the opening of the Shanghai Wusong the. Subsequently, the Qing government of the two silver 285000, at 3 times the redemption payment and the removal of the railway.
1879, Westernization Group leader Li order to Tangshan Kaiping coal mine to Tianjin, Tangshan奏请 the construction of the railway Beitang. The Qing government to railway locomotive "smoke禾稼injury, vibration sleep hills," he decided to shorten the rail, only repair a section of the Tangshan Coal to Xu, Xu芦台Coal to inter-cut canal, connecting蓟运河to achieve Beitang Haikou; sleep in order to avoid rolling hills shock decision by horse traction vehicles.
However, using horse traction vehicles can not play should be the effectiveness of the railway, in 1881 the opening of the railway Tang Xu, the Chinese workers, then an engineer with the British payment of the several design drawings, the boiler and the mine shaft lifting frame the trough of the old iron and other materials, the success of a trial-type 0-3-0 steam locomotive. This is the history of China's first locomotive manufacturing.
Another argument is that China's first train a Tang Xu then Chief Engineer of the British rail thin model with the wife of George Stevenson of the famous British-made steam "No. rocket" and caused by, and It is named "China's No. rocket." But the Chinese workers in locomotive engraved on both sides of the one-stop, so they call it "The Dragon" Train.
Because photos can clearly see the Rocket of China (Chinese rockets) and long word mark, so future generations have been identified this is the first Chinese-made motorcycles. However, left over from the picture we can see that this locomotive design specifications, manufacturing well, how can and from the waste material to create a "monster", etc. view?
In 2003, the British study of Chinese railway彼得克拉什Jindal found a "China No. rocket" group photo. By comparison, one can see this photo on the "China No. rocket" and the picture kept on "China's No. rockets" are obviously different: the chimney of a small locomotive and the rates high, a thick and short; locomotive both sides of the tank before a shoe-shaped block, a; driver's cab, a tag is the № 1, a circular marker is ... ... as a result of old age, lack of information, the first Chinese-made motorcycles mystery remains uncertain and can not be the truth.
China Railway Museum a collection of Taiwan and China's oldest locomotive, since it has a great body of the "0" character, it is then it is referred to as the "0" Train. Research experts concluded that after the opening of the railway Tang Xu, "in 1882, and from the United Kingdom to purchase two small 0-2-0 type (only two pairs of drive wheels) locomotive (called 0), and to participate in running." Were considered to be China The first imports of a motorcycle.
Since 1881, Tang Xu railway built in 1911 to the fall of the Qing government for 30 years, is the first stage of China's railway. This stage, the Qing government and internally as a result of Westernization Group recommends that people with lofty ideals and promote the continuous, not only changing the construction of the railway will "lose my dangers, harm I Tin House, hindered my feng shui" of understanding, but accept the lessons of the war a failure and further strengthening the understanding of Haiphong to the "opening of the railway may be the remedy for the military" finally determine the policy of railway construction, the establishment of the railway company, began planning to build a railway. 30 years, China's 18 provinces and cities in the construction of the railway of 9137.2 kilometers. Some of these government-run railway, some commercial, some government officials and businessmen co-organized, there is a part of Sino-foreign joint, or simply repair is a foreigner.
The wheel of history to enter the Republic of China, the railway construction has changed the situation. Interim government in Nanjing in the early days of its establishment with the Ministry of Communications, also has set up the Chinese Railway Association and China National Railway Company. In 1928 from the beginning of the ruling KMT government in Nanjing, in his long rule of more than 20 years, although the development of a large-scale development of the railway project and the Ministry of Railways had set up the national railway undertaking unified management, but does not build the railway. Lack of the national railway branch less dry conditions, poor people in the country decline, the case of years of war has not changed. In 1949, the Chinese locomotive may have the 4069 Statistics of Taiwan, respectively, from nine countries, more than 30 factories, as many as 198 kinds of motorcycle models, it is no wonder China is known as a "locomotive State Museum." According to the information available now, with imports from the United Kingdom in 1892 to create the Double, Bershire type (type than Shell) and other locomotive.
翻译：
中国有铁路始于清朝末期。然而清政府腐败、保守、专制，唯祖宗之规是从，不肯接受新生事物。他们把修建铁路、应用蒸汽机车视为“奇技淫巧”，认为修铁路会“失我险阻，害我田庐，妨碍我风水”，因而顽固地拒绝修建铁路。
1876年7月3日，由英、美合谋，由英国在华的代理人——怡和洋行——背着清政府诡称修建从吴淞到上海的一条“寻常马路”，擅自在中国的土地上修建的中国第一条营业性铁路上海吴淞铁路建成通车了。随后，清政府出银28.5万两，分3次交款赎回这条铁路并予以拆除。
1879年，洋务派首领李鸿章为了将唐山开平煤矿的煤炭运往天津，奏请修建唐山至北塘的铁路。清政府以铁路机车“烟伤禾稼，震动寝陵”为由，决定将铁路缩短，仅修唐山至胥各庄一段，胥各庄至芦台间开凿运河，连接蓟运河，以达北塘海口；为避免机车震动寝陵，决定由骡马牵引车辆。
然而用骡马牵引车辆根本不能发挥出铁路应有的效用，1881年唐胥铁路通车时，中国工人凭借时任工程师的英国人金达的几份设计图纸，采用矿场起重锅炉和竖井架的槽铁等旧材料，试制成功了一台0-3-0型的蒸汽机车。这就是中国历史上制造的第一台机车。
另有一种说法是，中国第一辆火车是当时任唐胥铁路总工程师的英人薄内的夫人仿照乔治·斯蒂文森制造的英国著名的蒸汽机车“火箭号”而造成的，并把它命名为“中国火箭号”。可是中国工人却在机车两侧各刻一条龙，于是就把它叫做“龙号”机车。
由于照片上可以清楚地看到Rocket of China（中国火箭）的字样和龙的标记，所以后人一直认定这就是中国制造的第一台机车。但是从遗留下来的图片中我们可以看到这台机车设计规范、制造精良，怎么能和由废旧料制造的“怪物”等而观之？
2003年，研究中国铁路的英国人彼得·克拉什发现了一张金达与“中国火箭号”合影的照片。通过比较，可以看出这张照片上的“中国火箭号”与中国保存的那张照片上“中国火箭号”有明显地不同之处：机车的烟囱一个细而高，一个粗而矮；机车两侧水柜前，一个有鞋形块，一个没有；司机室上，一个是№1的标记，一个是圆形标记……由于年代的久远，资料的缺少，中国制造的第一台机车之谜依然扑朔迷离，一时难以真相大白。
目前中国铁道博物馆收藏着一台中国现存最古老的机车，由于它机身上有一个大大的“0”字，人们便把它称为“0号”机车。专家考证后认为唐胥铁路通车后，“1882年，又从英国购来两台小型的0—2—0式（只有两对动轮）机车（称0号），参加运行。”被认为是中国进口的第一辆机车。
自1881年建成唐胥铁路至 1911年清政府垮台的30多年间，是中国铁路的首创阶段。这一阶段内，清政府由于洋务派和国内有志之士的不断建议和提倡，不但改变了修建铁路会“失我险阻，害我田庐，妨碍我风水”的认识，而且接受战争失败的教训，又进而从加强海防上认识到“铁路开通可为军事上之补救”，终于确定兴建铁路的方针，建立铁路公司，开始有筹划地修建铁路了。30多年时间里，中国的18个省市修筑了铁路计9137.2公里。这些铁路有的是官办，有的是商办，有的是官商合办，还有一部分是中外合办，或者干脆就是外国人修的。
历史的车轮驶进中华民国，铁路建设的状况有所改观。南京临时政府在其成立之初设有交通部，又先后成立中华全国铁路协会和中国铁路总公司。从1928年开始执政的南京国民党政府，在其长达20余年的统治中，虽然制订了大规模发展铁路的计划，并一度设立铁道部统管全国铁路事业，但建成的铁路并不多。全国铁路缺干少支的状况，在国衰民穷、连年战争的情况下，一直未得改变。到1949年，中国可统计的机车有4069台，分别出自9个国家的30多家工厂，机车型号多达198种，难怪人称中国是“万国机车博物馆”。据现在可以查到的资料，从英国进口的有1892年制造的Double，Bershire型（比谢尔式）机车等。

Ⅳ 英国诗歌发展史英语介绍

英国是一个在北大西洋的骇浪中颠簸的小岛国，其面积仅相当于美国的六十分之一。然而，它却为现代世界(至少是西方世界)奠定了好几块基石：英国是最早实现工业化的国家，成为近代大工业的开路先锋，从而把全世界推进到工业时代；英国也是最早实现资产阶级政治变革的国家，为西方的资本主义民主制度树立了样板；英国人求实、理性和科学的精神则奠定了人类现代科学思维的基础，丰富了人类的精神宝库。在诗歌领域，英国人同样有理由自豪：英国诗的深刻性和多样性历来为世人称道；英诗发展过程中的几个高潮——16世纪后期的文艺复兴诗歌、19世纪初的浪漫主义诗歌、20世纪上半叶的现代主义诗歌——成为世界诗歌交响曲中的华彩乐章；而以莎士比亚为代表的一群优秀的英国诗人，则能站在世界诗歌天才的前列而毫无愧色。
在世界各民族中，英国人向以稳重著称。它注重实际而不耽于空想，长于宽容而不爱走极端。这样的民族心理和文化素质使其文学的发展沿着历史长河缓缓而行，中间没有被切断和被阻隔之感。传统与变革和谐地交织，一方面以内容与形式的不断革新推动文学的发展，另一方面又以浓厚的传统意识制约着每一次变革，使之不致成为脱缰野马。在传统与变革的冲突中，走互相融合的道路，这是英国文学发展历史的显著特色。
希望采纳

Ⅵ 英语作文—英语的发展历史

跟现代汉语一样，本来是侵略者的语言，如今占了上风了！

Ⅶ 介绍汉语发展或历史等等的英语作文！急求！！！!

The Charm of Chinese Language
Chinese Language faces some challenges. As compared with English and other Latin based languages, Chinese is less popular and more difficuh for computer word processing. Some college students, wondering whether it is still one of the best languages in the world, neglect Chinese study.
Extensive research has revealed that Chinese possesses many advantages over other languages. Written Chinese is based on a set of ideogram characters. From a simple word one may obtain a wealth of information about its hidden meaning, evolution history and related phrases. Historians can decipher the damaged ancient characters carved on ox hones but no such achievement could be obtained with Latin-based languages. To express a given idea, the Chinese version is always the shortest, most accurate and most effective.
Moreover, Chinese kids learn Chinese by memorizing patterns or funny pictures which stimulate curiosity and imagination. It is well recognized that human brains work well with patterns and pattern recognition in turn promotes brain development. What＇ more, Chinese is also easy to learn. Many foreigners speak Chinese fluently after a few years of learning. Recently, several word processing programs have been successfully developed for Chinese language and turned out to be better than those designed for English.
Chinese is the crystallization of the splendid culture developed continuously for over 5,000 years. Many treasures remain to be explored. As China grows stronger, more and more foreigners will learn Chinese and share the invaluable treasure.

Ⅷ 手机发展史的英文介绍及中文翻译

The history of mobile phones begins with early efforts to develop radio telephone technology and from two-way radios in vehicles and continues through emergence of modern mobile phones and associated services.

Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radio devices have been available since 1973. Mobile phone history is often divided into generations (first, second, third and so on) to mark significant step changes in capabilities as the technology improved over the years.

Contents [hide]
1 Pioneers of radio telephony
2 Emergence of commercial mobile phone services
3 First generation: Cellular networks
4 Second generation: Digital networks
5 Third generation: High speed IP data networks
6 Growth of mobile broadband and the emergence of 4G
7 Patents
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links

[edit] Pioneers of radio telephony
In 1908, U.S. Patent 887,357 for a wireless telephone was issued to Nathan B. Stubblefield of Murray, Kentucky. He applied this patent to "cave radio" telephones and not directly to cellular telephony as the term is currently understood.[1]

In 1910 Lars Magnus Ericsson installed a telephone in his car, although this was not a radio telephone. While travelling across the country, he would stop at a place where telephone lines were accessible and using a pair of long electric wires he could connect to the national telephone network.[2]

In Europe, radio telephony was first used on the first-class passenger trains between Berlin and Hamburg in 1926. At the same time, radio telephony was introced on passenger airplanes for air traffic security. Later radio telephony was introced on a large scale in German tanks ring the Second World War. After the war German police in the British zone of occupation first used disused tank telephony equipment to run the first radio patrol cars.[citation needed] In all of these cases the service was confined to specialists that were trained to use the equipment. In the early 1950s ships on the Rhine were among the first to use radio telephony with an untrained end customer as a user.

Two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, and ambulances, but were not mobile phones because they were not normally connected to the telephone network. Users could not dial phone numbers from their vehicles. A large community of mobile radio users, known as the mobileers, popularized the technology that would eventually give way to the mobile phone. Originally, mobile two-way radios were permanently installed in vehicles, but later versions such as the so-called transportables or "bag phones" were equipped with a cigarette lighter plug so that they could also be carried, and thus could be used as either mobile or as portable two-way radios. During the early 1940s, Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and later developed a large hand-held two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered "Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a man's forearm.

In 1946 soviet engineers G. Shapiro and I. Zaharchenko successfully tested their version of a radio mobile phone mounted inside a car. The device could connect to local telephone network with a range of up to 20 kilometers.

Top of cellular telephone towerIn December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[3] Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in three directions (see picture at right) into three adjacent hexagon cells.[4] The technology did not exist then and the frequencies had not yet been allocated. Cellular technology was undeveloped until the 1960s, when Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics.

During the 1950s the experiments of the pioneers started to appear as usable services across society, both commercially and culturally. In the 1954 movie Sabrina, the businessman Linus Larrabee (played by Humphrey Bogart) makes a call from the phone in the back of his limousine.

In 1957 young Soviet radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich from Moscow created the portable mobile phone, named after himself as LK-1 or "radiophone".[5] This true mobile phone consisted of a relatively small-sized handset equipped with an antenna and rotary dial, and communicated with a base station. Kupriyanovich's "radiophone" had 3 kilogram of total weight, could operate up to 20 or 30 kilometers, and had 20 or 30 hours of battery lifespan. LK-1 and its layout was depicted in popular Soviet magazines as Nauka i zn, 8, 1957, p. 49, Yuniy technik, 7, 1957, p. 43–. Engineer Kupriyanovich patented his mobile phone in the same year 1957 (author's certificate (USSR Patent) # 115494, 1.11.1957). The base station of LK-1 (called ATR, or Automated Telephone Radiostation) could connect to local telephone network and serve several customers.

In 1958, Kupriyanovich resized his "radiophone" to "pocket" version. The weight of improved "light" handset was about 500 grams.

In 1967, each mobile phone had to stay within the cell area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call. This did not provide continuity of automatic telephone service to mobile phones moving through several cell areas.

In 1969, a patent for a wireless phone using an acoustic coupler for incoming calls was issued in US Patent Number 3,449,750 to George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969. Dialing a number for outgoing calls was not provided.

The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the 1970s. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., another Bell Labs engineer,[6] invented an automatic "call handoff" system to allow mobile phones to move through several cell areas ring a single conversation without loss of conversation. Also Fluhr and Nussbaum,[7] Hachenburg et al.[8] , and U.S. Patent 4,152,647, issued May 1, 1979 to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, both of Las Vegas, Nevada and assigned by them to the United States Government.

Ⅸ 英语发展历程

语言史学家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：1、古英语时期，2、中古英语时期，3、现代英语时期。
1、古英语时期（又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年）
日尔曼部落在不列颠定居后，名自占领一些地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰的大部分地区和苏格兰的低地，朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区，撒克森人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区。各个部落建立了一些小王国，出现了英国历史上的七国时代。直到公元830年，阿尔弗雷德大王才统一了整个英格兰地区。由于全国长期没有统一，所以古英语时期存在着多种方言，主要方言有四种：西萨克森语，肯特语，莫西亚语和北恩布里亚语。这四种方言都曾一度占主导地位。西撒克森语保存下来的手搞最多。其它方言在形成英语的过程中也起过很重要的作用。
古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日尔曼语族的特点。这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法。复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。有些复合词中不重读部分，渐渐失去了独立地位，而演变成了词缀，如for-, in-, -ful 等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用。共有二十四个名词后缀、十五个形容词后缀，-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful,- ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。古英语时期的诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵(alliteration)，由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。
古英语时期有两个重要的历史事件，给英语词汇带来较大的影响。第一件事是基督教传入英国。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来到英国传教。罗马文化随着基督教传入了英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词进入了英语。
第二件事是北欧人入侵英国。从公元790年开始，大批斯堪的那维亚人在英国定居。丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的那维亚人和英国人频繁交往，所以有许多斯堪的那维亚各国的词语进入了英语。
2、中古英语时期（公元1100—1500年）
公元1066年，诺曼人在征服王威廉率领下，横渡英吉利海峡，在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎格鲁-萨克森军队，英王哈路德战死，英国被征服。这在历史上被称为诺曼征服。从此，英国结束了分裂状态，置于中央集权的封建统治之下。谨曼征服是英国历史上的重要转折点，对英语的发展有巨大的影响。
诺曼征服之后，谨曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年里，谨曼法语成为英国的官方语言。普通人仍然讲英语，但英语的文字记载却几乎中断。中古英语一般右以分为两个时期，1204年后，英语逐渐恢复主导地位。1362年英王爱德华三世首次用英语向议会致词。十五世纪，伦敦标准方言兴起。1476年，卡克斯顿把印刷术传入英国，对英语拼写标准化、传播英语书面语都起了很大的推进作用。
在中古英语时期，英语历经了剧烈变化。词尾变化大多消失，名词的性也消失了。词序，虚词和语调成了表示句子关系的主要手段。如果说古一英语与其它日尔曼语族的语言一样是典型的综合语，那么到了中古英语末期，英语已逐渐具有分析语的特性。而且这个趋势一直在继续着。
词汇方面的变化也是显著的。由于诺曼法语一度是英国统治阶级的语言，大批法语词涌入英语。在政治、宗教、法律、军事、社交、服饰、饮食等凡是与统治阶级有关的一切领域都有反映。法语词成了这些领域所用词语的主体。从此，英语改变了运用复合法创造新词的主要手段，并用来指称新事物，表达新概念这一日尔曼语族语言的特征，而向外来语敞开了大门。用直接引进借词的方法来满足对新词的需要。这一变化对英语词汇的发展影响深远，为日后大量借词—主要是希腊语词、拉丁语词—进入英语铺平了道路。
随着众多的法语借词被吸收进英语，一些法语和拉丁语的词缀也被英语化了，成为英语构词的重要素材。如前缀dis-, en-, inter-, mal-, non-, pre-, re-, semi-, sub-后缀如-able, -acy, -age, -al, -ancy/ency, -ate, -ory, -ance, -ant/-ent, -ician, -ise。与此同时，有些英语本族语的词缀反而被废弃不用了。在复合词的构成格式方面，也吸收了法语的一些特色，例如：名词+形容词，副词+过去分词(例by-gone)。这些现象，语言学史上称为英语的罗曼语化。这就是为什么从谱系关系上看，英语与德语同族，但现代英语的词汇和法语更相近的原因。
大量的法语词的涌入，也使英语词汇起了词义变化。有一些英语固有的词被淘汰掉了，有一些虽然还存在，但词义范围有所改变，或者带上特有的文体色彩和感情色彩。例如：wed在古英语中作“结婚”解，但在中古英语时期传入了法语词”merry”，英语中“结婚”这一意义渐渐由marry来表示，wed只用在引申意义中了；它的动名词wedding还是一个常用的词，但只限于指“婚礼”。带有不同文体意义的英语本族语词与法语并存，组成了英语中特有的同义词群格式。
3、现代英语时期（1500-- ）
到中古英语末期，英语已经确立了作为英国国语的地位。乔叟的作品证明，英语已成为一种成熟的文学语言。英语语法的简单化过程已大体完成，拼写走向固定，基本词汇也已形成。总之，现代英语的基础也已经奠定。如果说阅读中古英语以前的英语仿佛是在读另外一种语言，那么十六世纪以后的英语与当代的英语的差别也就不那么明显了。现代英语一般以1700年为界，分为早期现代英语与后期现代英语。1700年英语规范化和标准化过程已经完成，这以后英语的语音和语法都无大的变化，只有词汇不断地扩大和丰富。
早期现代英语时期，对英语词汇的影响最大的是文艺复兴运动。文专职复兴运动是十四世纪在意大利开始的，在十六世纪以后的两个世纪内对英国的影响很大。在这一时期，强调研究古代希腊、罗马文化，以对抗中世纪的封建文化。于是许多外来词，主要是拉丁语和希腊语的词语传入英语，成为英语的书面语和术语词的基本部分。同时也为英语提供了大量的同义词。希腊和拉丁语词进入英语后有的保留了原来的形式，如 climax, appendix, exterior, axis；有的失去了词尾，如（扩号内为拉丁语）, consult (consultare), exclusion (exclusioneum) exotic (exoticus)；还有的改变了词尾，使之更适合英语的形式，如形容词词尾us 变成了ous或变成al，名词词尾tas变为ty。
经过1640年英国资产阶级革命和其后的工业革命，英帝国开始向外扩张，与世界各地的交往日趋频繁，全球各地的语言都有语汇进入了英语，例如：harem[波斯语，商队]，bazaar[波斯语，市场]，shawl[波斯语，披肩]，kiosk[土耳其语，凉亭]，coffee[土耳其语]， nabob[印地语，大富翁]，soy[日语，酱油]，orang-outang[马来语，猩猩]，paddy[马来语，稻]。
与此同时，由于与法国一直保持着密切关系，法语词仍然源源不断地传入英语。这一时期传入英语的法语词很多保留了法语在发音和拼写上的特征，如protégé，被保护人，chaise两轮马车。
在构词法方面，截短单词和混成词迅速增加。依靠元音交替构成新词的方法被逐渐废弃了。
在这一时期，英语被带到了英国以外的一些地区、国家。成为那里的通用语言。这里应特别提到的美国英语。随着时间的推移，大西洋两边的盎格鲁-萨克森人使用的英语尽管基本相同，但在语言，拼写和语法方面都开始出现一些区别。
二十世纪以来，英美的科学文化有了很大的发展，各式各样的宣传媒介越来越普及，又发生了两次世界大战，从们之间的交往越来越多，英语的词汇也随着越来越丰富。词汇量有了成倍的增加。英语作为一种国际的语言，是英国，美国，澳大利亚，新西兰，加拿大等国的国语。使用人口过三亿四千万以上，是在国际上使用最广泛的语言，在国际交往中起着重要的作用。
经过1500年的变迁，英语从几个日耳曼部族的语言发展为今天具有重大国际影响的语言，这固然有政治，经济，社会的原因，但英语本身也有其它主要语言所没有的长处。词汇的国际性便是他的优点之一。从本单元简略地回顾中可以看出英语善于吸收外来词。一方面英语属于日尔曼语族，有日尔曼语的共同词语，另一方面又长期与法语及其它罗曼语族语言的联系密切，同时吸收了大量古典词语。可以说，英语把代表欧洲主要文化的词语兼收并蓄于一身，这在欧洲各语言中间是独特的。从语法角度看，英语词尾变化简单，没有复杂的性数格变化。英语正在不断向分析性语言的方向发展，向简化的方向发展，英语的词序起的作用越来越大，这也使英语比较容易学习，特别是容易入门了。
英语也有他的弱点。最容易察觉的便是拼读不统一，造成的拼写混乱。此外，同义词、惯用语特别多，这固然使其表现力强，但同时也给英语学习者带来了不少的因难。

Ⅹ 中国历史朝代简介（英文版）

一、秦朝

Qin Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC) was the first unified dynasty in the history of China developed by the Qin State in the Warring States Period.

译文：秦朝（前221—前207）是由战国时期的秦国发展起来的中国历史上第一个大一统王朝，秦人的祖先大费是黄帝之孙颛顼的后裔，舜赐其嬴姓。

二、汉朝

Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty (202-8 years ago, 25-220 years ago) was a unified dynasty after the Qin Dynasty. It was mainly divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty.

译文：汉朝（前202年-8年,25年-220年）是继秦朝之后的大一统王朝，主要分为西汉、东汉时期，共历29帝，享国四百零五年。

三、晋朝

Jin Dynasty

Jin Dynasty (266-420 years), a dynasty in Chinese history, was divided into two periods: the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

译文：晋朝（266年－420年），中国历史上的朝代，上承三国下启南北朝，分为西晋与东晋两个时期，其中西晋为中国历史上大一统王朝之一，东晋则属于六朝之一，两晋共传十五帝，共一百五十五年。

四、隋朝

Sui Dynasty

The Sui Dynasty (581-618 or 619) was a unified dynasty in Chinese history, which inherited the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty.

译文：隋朝（581年—618年或619年）是中国历史上承南北朝下启唐朝的大一统朝代。

五、唐朝

1、Tang Dynasty

The Tang Dynasty (618-907) was a unified Central Plains Dynasty after the Sui Dynasty. It had twenty-one emperors and enjoyed the country for 289 years.

译文：唐朝（618年—907年），是继隋朝之后的大一统中原王朝，共历二十一帝，享国二百八十九年。

(10)发展历史英文介绍扩展阅读：

中国历史（中国区域范围内的历史）

中国历史是指中国从中华文明产生到现在的历史。中国历史悠久，自黄帝部落的姬轩辕（也称公孙轩辕）时期算起约有5000年；从三皇五帝算起约有4600年；自夏朝算起约有近4100年；从中国第一次大统一的中央集权制的秦朝算起约有2240年。

中国历经多次政权演变和朝代更迭，也曾是世界上最强大的国家，经济、文化、科技世界瞩目。中国史前时期炎黄二帝被尊奉为中华民族的人文始祖。

约公元前2070年，中国最早的国家夏朝出现。东周推进了生产力发展和社会变革，思想上形成百家争鸣的局面。公元前221年，秦始皇建立了中国历史上第一个统一的专制主义中央集权帝国—秦朝，西汉进一步巩固和发展了大一统的局面。

三国两晋南北朝时，中国陷入分裂割据局面，五胡乱华期间，异族融于中国趋势加强，诸多民族在分立政权的冲突中逐渐汇聚。隋唐时期，中央与边疆少数民族联系更为密切，经济繁荣、科技文化高度发展。

宋元时期，多元文化碰撞交融，经济、科技发展到新的高度。明朝鼎盛时期，社会经济高度发展，明末在江南地区出现资本主义萌芽。

19世纪中期，鸦片战争后中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会。1911年辛亥革命，推翻了帝制，确立了共和政体。袁世凯死后，中国进入军阀割据混乱时期。

后经国民大革命，土地革命，抗日战争以及解放战争，终于在1949年成立中华人民共和国。又经1966年到1976年的文化大革命。1978年后中国开始实行改革开放政策，中国经济快速发展，2011年中国超越日本成为世界第二大经济体。