⑴ 關於中國死刑的歷史（英文資料）
History of the murderer "shocking" sino-foreign ancient death grand art
Death is the history of human civilization, the alternative animals never to create the same pattern 100 to death. Finishing the death penalty information about the author, does not represent a cruel man, nor authors advocate the death penalty. Years later, the death penalty may die, so the knowledge about the death penalty may be human cultural heritage.
introctive
China is an ancient civilized country, as well as long history of death penalty and, in some cases, become a skill or art, I want to put my knowledge and understanding of some and discussed. Some aspects of the French people, my reference. Monet stefano material, but mostly from Chinese books.
A and chop
His head is the most classical executed, even the way as death. The most important organ cut people, people were fatally, insurance, shortcut, still can head shoplifting. Formal way is "behead" by zhang fei yan yan, said: "the chop after the prisoners and head chopped head." Anyway, this is mean. In ancient times, the devices are often axe, because the bronze after all soft, not sharp axe, and make efforts to cut down there. After the popularity of iron in chop punishment graally in the leading role, but sing, but also a sharp knife though to wear, use more requires skill, some professional ancestral executioner also arises at the historic moment. The so-called skill, is aimed at the neck vertebra gap, the prisoner, and a knife to cut the separation, if not, would not suddenly cut down the prisoner, half struggle, appear naturally embarrassing clamour and sometimes group of people will laugh at the executioner. A legend of qing dynasty, the higher requirement by post, blunt knife inmates its suffer, that is not exactly.
Who is the earliest history, I am afraid we can't been beheaded by investigation, the famous historical figures, head also don't ShengJu ring, "said one of the surviving prisoners, listening to his executioners of a knife is sharp, especially by him to leave no stone unturned to execute, a knife, fly up in the air, the head is a cheer way:" good!" Again, the separation, no respiratory organs, the light is not going to talk a head, the surviving the stories are told some HuXian ghost story, do not count. But really, sometimes for execution of nerve and reaction, fly out of the head of a mouthful bite again, to have this matter, then avowed unlucky. After entering the qing dynasty, the man left braid, to bring convenience to execution, then ask, one prisoner kneel down his body, one clench braid tried the prisoner's neck, as far as possible, convenient hangman. Elongation In addition, a Japanese invading army soldiers records, said they'd slaughter in countless times that originally kneel down in the monster was beheaded head, feet, and natural straight body can leap, so they intentionally let slain facing river, let them "jump" themselves.Cut cut and kind, the penalty is cut off, and major organ that lives, comparison, ks die slowly, some more pain. Qin qin and han dynasties, the so-called chop is halved, was originally called XiaoShou beheading. Legends of qing dynasty, because of the other ZhangTingLu halved, before his death by fraud, dip in with his own blood on the ground wrote thirteen "miserable" word, finally, word has illegible. Because ZhangTingLu wrote seven miserably, ks death from being yongzheng abolished. Someone said that success is halved, even said that he will reward of the tale of the marshes, but gold sigh before the execution and greed, said: "I'd slaughter, to pain, but also in holy sigh unintentionally, not quick zai?" If this sentence is true, then he is to cut the head instead.
Besides , axes can be used in the penal, cut is very easily, not only the back edge tool wear thick, easy, and technical requirements of low, except by the famous ancient bag of three pole, there are few such records and speculation, most propbably is too simple to operate the blade, and no head sensation, fly up in the exquisite art and aesthetic ancient officials and the audience, is very enjoyable, also reflected the tenet. Averagely
Death, the instrialization era, it is the French invention, has become a symbol of France, although other countries have adopted. While in college, I met a French film week, a movie night watching the four French, which appeared in the three parts, a guillotine is a reflection of the revolution, one is about napoleon, and a flat is called the title to the guillotine. One night, returned to dormitory look down at the door also like. However, the French invented the guillotine, the purpose is to let a person dead less pain, another purpose is popular in France, cut because of the autocratic monarchy, only the noble made death can enjoy treatment of beheading and civilians can hang, now is the guillotine grand leveller, is a kind of equality spirit. Later, the SanSeQi, MaSaiQu together with the symbol of the French revolution, and become, Louis xvi, dandong, and queen charlotte's wife, and Roland on short head, once the claim to abolish the death penalty, in his ruling robespierre once SiShiQiTian, there 1373 star head "falling like tiles", in this SiShiQiTian shortly after, he joined the ranks of the guillotine on.
Second, hanging
There are several kinds of execution, hanged, have a plenty of strangled, mostly with cords or something similar to stop breathing, let the person suffocate. Which means the noose hang in the prisoner's neck, let the prisoner with his two legs dangling the weight, let oneself death. And does not need to choke feet dangling outside, mainly through the sewers to suffocate tightening.
In ancient China, the execution, hang mostly for strangled a suicide. Of course gives death is a decent some of the death penalty, but generally can customize project, many people choose to commit suicide by hanging, called "atlas at best. China ancient times the normal practice is hanged the prisoner kneel tied in a pillar, a noose on each side of the neck, trapping a hangman, stick in the noose, then reverse direction and make a noose tight, and finally the prisoner strangled.
According to the Chinese tradition, the body hair skin, the parents, must treasure, can leave one more, also, the silver lining, therefore, not hanged relative beheaded body blood, can maintain complete, is a kind of preferential treatment. Likewise, the death penalty is hanged to light. Emperor yangdi is YuWenHuaJi etc, say: "kill one death has. He wanted to drink wine, find the solution, LingHuHang by practice, and will he sat strangled. In addition, the former qin dynasty as FuJian gold GuiWang Ming yan, etc, were strangled, and Yang is hanged on.
China still has a way of men, is put a noose around his neck, back and then run, run out of a long way, people died, northern call this "the white Wolf," Shanghai area called "NianJiu", who is back, but the way of the modern history of the technique is very long. A court in southern BeiJi bodyguards, named captain killer and LiuTaoZhi, is set back the white Wolf NianJiu experts.
With China's traditional instead of Western Europe, the ancient taken as the privilege of nobility, hanged is aimed at civilians. British Charles, Mary queen of Scots, French Louis xvi, was beheaded, if the nobles were hanged, that is not only his personal, also the whole family. At the beginning of the eighteenth century Italy, had an earl for murder was found hanging, his relatives of the regent's family, so he went to bat, at least not hanged, taken the regent said a words, then become famous saying: "shameful crimes is, rather than a gallows."
The fact is hanged, Western Europe, have filed ropes hanging in die, have a plenty of adhesion, when carrying out there, two legs are naturally. If the scaffold is France's specialty, so the British have on foot pedal activities, and they were also to the length of rope made accurate calculation, hanged a 54 kilograms of prisoners, length of rope 2.46 meters, 54.6 kg for the 95.1 kilograms, 2.40 1.55 metres. This table is too detailed list, I a. 1833, Britain was the last time a juvenile delinquents hangings, this young nine years old, was stolen a bottle of ink.
Need to supplement, ancient Chinese have a kind of punishment is made, let prisoners were standing in a cage, the neck is living, foot can impending were also can not suspended. In a word can be suspended, if the dead hour left foot a stone, death can quickly, if the foot hold, that is, at least within one day will not die, time and again to support the feet long, will die, the LaoCan childe once wrote in detail, had the interest friend to go through. This is also a stop breathing and death, can calculate the varieties, the principle of execution, just different tools. Some of the paddy wagon, let GuZhuangPian prisoner stood inside, actually this are obtained, then the paddy wagon is let prisoners sit inside, of course, though not fatal sat, and very uncomfortable.
Third, the poison
Because of its poison, often used in the covert assassination or commit suicide, if you use it to execution, should say more than hanging more respectable, in China, humanity is usually given death can enjoy the emperor. Archaeologists discovered that he was BiSi qin shihuang Zhen drank wine, it is a kind of bird feathers, Zhen toxic, lethal poison wen-yen, so often called "Zhen". But now, biologists seems not seen in Zhen this bird records.
Besides the so-called Zhen, common poison have peacock bravery, crane, etc. These beautiful birds are toxic, arsenic is used at the poison. The tang dynasty KuLi sent by queen killed once overthrew wu zhou, the five Kings YuanShuJi "SuFu gold, using force of poison to drink, juice, be given rise to anger, Bang poison, claws, beat out a sword." I served the word in gold, maybe he did not understand the class, but is healing stone poison juice although painful, but also offers pulled by other means, finally is enough to kill the spirit.
Also in the record was a gold gap, wine with this is to the south of death, but it isn't a kind of poison, perhaps it is TunJin belongs to die, but both have similarities, just also listed in, also has the scholar said TunJin may not be fatal, past TunJin refers to mercury, if gold gap, the wine is mercury toxic mercury pour indeed.
In the west, is the most famous people put poison is Socrates, he was sentenced to drink juice of a kind of poison, parsley is just one die feel sleepy after losing consciousness, went into death. This is a Greek era in death, all over the world to find design lets a person dead more terrorist more painful, it is a god-given humanitarian lamp, although Socrates was accused of crimes in looks very funny.
In many misunderstandings, poison, although many people died of murder or commit suicide, I still want to take them to make some clarification, for example: first, the peacock bravery, crane is poison, the name of the object, but not all is legendary poison, Second, the ham ray of the mercury in the ears of death is absurd, such doing can damage eardrum, but not death-dealing because mercury from nasal, mercury into the esophagus causes mercury poisoning, rather than the intestines of legend people fall, Third, DaZhongMa novels that can increase the amount of arsenic armor against toxicity is nonsense, a long served arsenic poisoning can cause chronic, napoleon's death by British people like to kill.
Four, or punishment
The man, after all is drown into drown, on the one hand, do so simple, on the other hand, many people think water washing one's sin, so that punishment in the world record.
For example, northern hu's queen was thrown into the river ZhuRong drowned, During the late tang dynasty ZhuWen kill them, but also the chancellor threw into the Yellow River, he said: "your pretence, today I'm going to let our you become turbidity-current." After the death of Mongolia, the queen of the ruling for two years, is ever lost took the throne. Meerkats etc ring his trial, ordered stripped the lost of clothes, sea lost rebuked them say: "my flesh, only the first emperor, you have what things?" Finally the sea was lost in the bag, make carpet is thrown into a river. As to the end of the qing dynasty to now also ZhenFei, leaving deep well for people. Still? The murder, the witch, and threw it into the river, disciple is actually addicted in practice.
Ming yongle XieJin wit, against the emperor was put in prison, and after a long time, cheng zhu accidental list in the prisoner, and saw his name freely asked a sentence: "XieJin didn't ° yet dead?" The words of a careless word may XieJin to kill, he was DaoCha died in a snow-bank. Such die of drowning, buried and between the snow is between the water because cured him, I also was drowned in people.
Later, when the underworld in Shanghai, often USES the murder victim on stone into the river and drowned, they have devised a poetic name: a lotus. Any, looks elegant and even a bit like a sissy from Shanghai, in this respect is very creative, in addition to the above mentioned NianJiu "back", "lotus", and put a man rob money grilled called off clothes, "if you are the man that is scratched off", "girl called" pigs off, "child" sheep HuSun off." Besides, still some poetic humor.
Continue on the topics we drown type, some of the world, not only the national water as the executor of the death penalty, but also the water as judges, ancient Greek heroes lore, the argonauts Dana Ann and her children were thrown into the sea, the waves on the shore, the mother and therefore considered innocent, forgiven.
Like so many things, the lucky few row is either placed into his pocket, either to bind feet, or bind stone, and then being thrown into the water. British people have a kind of special or punishment, is tied to the seaside, waiting for the prisoners, sea tide when the people flooded bit by bit. The russians in tuen mun river in China has a civilian braid tied together into heilongjiang. When the French revolution or punishment to the utmost, China correspondent development in compiling the king of rebellion for party a has made the ship bottom activities, can let a person fall into water, he took the child and collective drowning, reason is "don't let the Wolf cubs grew into a Wolf". Then he made the emperor napoleon's secret police leader, later napoleon, he failed in the persecution of conspiracy, and finally napoleon abdicated his old job for restoration, dry and executed for the imperial napoleon Bonaparte came.
Five, buried alive
In ancient China, the elegant name is buried "hole", ChangPing massacre in four qin zhao method is "hole", discusses the qin Confucian to deal with "hole", on the eve of the qin dynasty perish, chu overlord xiang came under ZhangHan disposal and 200,000 pawn "hole", seem to rise, qin dynasty and its destruction, with a "hole" word.
Buried alive is to bury in the soil, the thick mud plugged the respiratory system, make the person suffocate in today, it seems, is very cruel. Again, there are the benefits of buried buried, a large operation, the process can be simpler, 2 can be forced to dig themselves were killed, dig a hole does not need any special skills, China is a great agricultural country, people will have to dig, Three is not as large as punishment, or implementation of environmental pollution and reveal the truth is, to ensure that no one can change escape, Four is low; the cost of absolute Five is seldom able to escape.
Because there are so many advantages, qin shihuang before and after long years, buried alive has been ignored. Some of the shang dynasty unearthed from the grave, people can see hundreds of thousands of buried alive, some put the bones, estimation is very after killing, and some are put in an extreme distortion, that was alive and threw them. TaBaShi rise in north slope, ginseng adds up to a postwar mass killings HouYan prisoners, in fact they are xianbei people.
Buried alive and not the quintessence of Chinese culture and history from Rome is buried. According to legend, a virgin to serve god with Mars, the twins, violated the plattorn supposed to the regulations, the name of the virgin was fined silvia buried, and her two children were thrown into the wilderness, by a female Wolf, the brothers raised a roma. A call, after they were eager to Rome built a night. The Inca empire in the americas, serve the sun saint infidelity, if will also be buried alive. In medieval Europe, female sometimes not hanged but buried alive, because the eyes, DaoDeGu from a woman is not in the gallows flap about something. Etiquette,
China has a similar buried alive, that is the death of the wet nose and mouth, SangPiZhi covered with the purpose to suffocate. This is very decent dies, only the royal staff and senior noble only entitled, small people, just wait. Or hanging head
Hear Khmer rouge also invented a similar execution-a, that is a plastic bags in one head, also can have the effect of SangPiZhi, murder weapon is multifarious, we buy vegetables, the most common use of plastic bags, but also has another kind of function.
Six, starve to death
People's living, breathing, but the most important is the food. So once don't eat not to drink, or drink too much, and will die, the truth, and naturally in self-evident for life deprived process.
The people starved to death, was the first in the primitive society, people lose labor ability to support the old man or abandoned children in the wild. In ancient China, starve often also is a kind of kindness, for example, wu zetian's son-in-law XueShao family plot against the queen in the family, and was put to death, because the land is XueShao princess, because of her husband in jail was starved to death, have a whole corpse.
As punishment for implementation of starvation, often used in many historical records on. The west is executed, lu ZhaoWangYou his hunger, LiuYou hungry when listless interest to a poem, a few words: "in jie not regret, xi ning early appease the king and starve xi lu? Who frets of Daniel's revenge day xi rejects!" The shiji says he died for "death".
Han emperor offered by CaoCaoPa fell from the palace queen, her hair and dragged out to offer, crying, barefoot emperor said: "don't help me alive?" Poor han emperor offer only said: "I don't know when to life?" The queen was sent to the wild fell dead, but also quiet room starved to death.
The most shocking is jia, she ordered at south is nominally mother-in-law Yang empress, Yang callings for waste from the queen mother PangShi forcibly removed by pulling the die, Yang empress hungry eight genius, because be afraid starve to jin Yang empress wu will dead, Yang's back down and put a spell burial, drugs, etc. Fortunately, there also revealing the south in the custody of the city was queen JinYong Yang poisoning.
Foreign history also has many people starved to death, the disposal of a medieval called "terrorist pear" devices, copper iron type, metal pieces together, there is the piriform spring and screw, into the mouth, then start switch can like flower open, make the person can shout, of course, also cannot drink. At that time, "terrorist pear is very wide, not only use" into the mouth, but also can plug into the anal or vaginal can.
Drink too much to starve to death, and can be deadly, Rome had someone give up drinking water, then put his penis tied, but the trick is to fill the prisoner belly stopped the anus. In the 1930s, the Spanish civil war in someone invented by cement rectums method of execution.
*************(There was not enough space)
⑵ 中國法律有英文
中國法律的官方文本就是漢語，少數民族地區可以有少數民族語言版本。 英方版本，當然有。今明兩天不是正式的官方版本。而是由某些機構自己翻譯的。
滿意請採納
⑶ 請用英語介紹一下中國的法律歷史和國際影響
THE LEGAL SYSTEM
The Imperial Era
Contemporary social control is rooted in the Confucian past. The teachings of Confucius have had an enring effect on Chinese life and have provided the basis for the social order through much of the country's history. Confucians believed in the fundamental goodness of man and advocated rule by moral persuasion in accordance with the concept of li (propriety), a set of generally accepted social values or norms of behavior. Li was enforced by society rather than by courts. Ecation was considered the key ingredient for maintaining order, and codes of law were intended only to supplement li, not to replace it (see The Hundred Schools of Thought , ch. 1; Traditional Society and Culture , ch. 3).
Confucians held that codified law was inadequate to provide meaningful guidance for the entire panorama of human activity, but they were not against using laws to control the most unruly elements in the society. The first criminal code was promulgated sometime between 455 and 395 B.C. There were also civil statutes, mostly concerned with land transactions.
Legalism, a competing school of thought ring the Warring States period (475-221 B.C.), maintained that man was by nature evil and had to be controlled by strict rules of law and uniform justice. Legalist philosophy had its greatest impact ring the first imperial dynasty, the Qin (221-207 B.C.; see The Imperial Era , ch. 1).
The Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220) retained the basic legal system established under the Qin but modified some of the harsher aspects in line with the Confucian philosophy of social control based on ethical and moral persuasion. Most legal professionals were not lawyers but generalists trained in philosophy and literature. The local, classically trained, Confucian gentry played a crucial role as arbiters and handled all but the most serious local disputes.
This basic legal philosophy remained in effect for most of the imperial era. The criminal code was not comprehensive and often not written down, which left magistrates great flexibility ring trials. The accused had no rights and relied on the mercy of the court; defendants were tortured to obtain confessions and often served long jail terms while awaiting trial. A court appearance, at minimum, resulted in loss of face, and the people were reluctant and afraid to use the courts. Rulers did little to make the courts more appealing, for if they stressed rule by law, they weakened their own moral influence.
In the final years of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), reform advocates in the government implemented certain aspects of the modernized Japanese legal system, itself originally based on German judicial precedents (see The Hundred Days' Reform and the Aftermath , ch. 1). These efforts were short-lived and largely ineffective.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_law
⑷ 中國法律的英文版那個版本比較好，請推薦
如果有官方版本的，應該以官主版本為准！
⑸ 關於中國法律的英文論文問題
law and order是個固定片語，中文解釋即：法律與秩序(右派針對犯罪與暴力所提出的口號)「與」字有和之意，所以按此題目故而應寫兩者。中國具有代表性的計劃生育就是一個很好的素材，不過要是從這兩者下筆，我認為從中國法律的歷史來寫更容易些。以上只是個人見解，希望能對你有所幫助。
⑹ 中國歷史簡介英文版
As the symbol of the old-line Xian, Big Wild Goose Pagoda is a well-preserved ancient building and a holy place for Buddhists. It is located in the southern suburb of Xian City, about 4 kilometers (2.49 miles) from the downtown of the city. Standing in the Da Ci'en Temple complex, it attracts numerous visitors for its fame in the Buddhist religion, its simple but appealing style of construction, and its new square in front of the temple. It is rated as a National Key Cultural Relic Preserve as well as an AAAA Tourist Attraction.
This attraction can be divided into three parts: the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, the Da Ci'en Temple, and the North Square of Big Wild Goose Pagoda.
Big Wild Goose Pagoda
Originally built in 652 ring the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), it functioned to collect Buddhist materials that were taken from India by the hierarch Xuanzang.
Xuanzang started off from Chang'an (the ancient Xian), along the Silk Road and through deserts, finally arriving in India, the cradle of Buddhism. Enring 17 years and traversing 100 countries, he obtained Buddha figures, 657 kinds of sutras, and several Buddha relics. Having gotten the permission of Emperor Gaozong (628-683), Xuanzang, as the first abbot of Da Ci'en Temple, supervised the building of a pagoda inside it. With the support of royalty, he asked 50 hierarchs into the temple to translate Sanskrit in sutras into Chinese, totaling 1,335 volumes, which heralded a new era in the history of translation. Based on the journey to India, he also wrote a book entitled 'Pilgrimage to the West' in the Tang Dynasty, to which scholars attached great importance.
First built to a height of 60 meters (197 feet) with five stories, it is now 64.5 meters (211.6 feet) high with an additional two stories. It was said that after that addition came the saying-'Saving a life exceeds building a seven-storied pagoda'. Externally it looks like a square cone, simple but grand and it is a masterpiece of Buddhist construction. Built of brick, its structure is very firm. Inside the pagoda, stairs twist up so that visitors can climb and overlook the panorama of Xian City from the arch-shaped doors on four sides of each storey. On the walls are engraved fine statues of Buddha by the renowned artist Yan Liben of the Tang Dynasty. Steles by noted calligraphers also grace the pagoda.
As for the reason why it is called Big Wild Goose Pagoda, there is a legend. According to ancient stories of Buddhists, there were two branches, for one of which eating meat was not a taboo. One day, they couldn't find meat to buy. Upon seeing a group of big wild geese flying by, a monk said to himself: 'Today we have no meat. I hope the merciful Bodhisattva will give us some.' At that very moment, the leading wild goose broke its wings and fell to the ground. All the monks were startled and believed that Bodhisattva showed his spirit to order them to be more pious. They established a pagoda where the wild goose fell and stopped eating meat. Hence it got the name 'Big Wild Goose Pagoda'.
Da Ci'en Temple
Da Ci'en Temple is the home of Big Wild Goose Pagoda. In 648, to commemorate the dead virtuous queen, royalty ordered the building of a temple named 'Ci'en' (Mercy and Kindness), for which the status and scale far exceeded all others. Today, with an area of 32,314 square meters (38,648.5 square yards), one seventh of the original area, it still retains its grandeur.
Before the temple, there stands a statue of hierarch Xuanzang, the meritorious hierarch. Walking on and across a small bridge, visitors will see the gates of the temple. With guarding lions, the temple seems stately for lions were said to function as talismans.
Entering the temple you will see two buildings-Bell Tower in the east and Drum Tower in the west. Inside the Bell Tower hangs an iron bell 15 tons (14.76 gross tons) in weight. It was molded in 1548 in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Along the central axis are arranged the Hall of Mahavira, Sermon Hall, Big Wild Goose Pagoda, and the Hall of Xuanzang Sanzang. In the Hall of Mahavira are three carved statues of Sakyamuni, and 18 arhats as well as Xuanzang. The Sermon Hall is where Buddhist disciples would listen to a sermon. A bronze statue of Amitabha is dedicated and a Buddha statue is collected by Xuanzang as oblation. The Hall of Xuanzang Sanzang is north of Big Wild Goose Pagoda. In this hall are Xuanzang's relic and a bronze statue of a seated Xuanzang. The inner wall is chiseled with murals depicting this hierarch's story. Renowned as the contemporary Dunhuang Buddhist storehouse praised by UNESCO, it is the biggest memorial of Xuanzang.
North Square of Big Wild Goose Pagoda
Surrounding Big Wild Goose Pagoda, the scenery is also quite charming, especially the square north of the Da Ci'en Temple. Covering about 110,000 square meters (131563 square yards) plus 20,000 square meters (23920.6 square yards) of water area, it holds many records: in Asia, it is the biggest Tang-culture square, the biggest fountain and waterscape square, and the largest-scale sculptures area. In the world, it has the most benches, the longest light-belt, and the largest-scale acoustic complex.
The entire square is composed of waterscape fountains, a cultural square, gardens and tourist paths. There you can taste real Chinese culture and traditions and fully enjoy the truly attractive views. With reliefs on the theme of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, 200-meter-long (656-foot-long) sculpture groups, 8 groups of sculpted figures, 40 relievos on the land, and 22 styles of musical fountains, it has become a must-see when you visit Big Wild Goose Pagoda.
⑺ 中國法律概述 英文的
估計的沒有啊 因為我們國家的法律起步晚啊
大多是學人家的
到是國際法有經濟法有英文的
⑻ 中國的法律有沒有英文版的啊
有的，所有中國現行法律都有英文版的！如果需要的話可以去新華書店購買！
您也可以通過下面這個網頁查詢：http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/english/law/lawDBSearch.jsp
⑼ 中國法律英文版的法定節假日條例
法定假日加班，可以要求3倍工資報酬，不予支付，可以申請勞動仲裁