中國死刑的歷史

㈠ 關於中國死刑的歷史（英文資料）

History of the murderer "shocking" sino-foreign ancient death grand art

Death is the history of human civilization, the alternative animals never to create the same pattern 100 to death. Finishing the death penalty information about the author, does not represent a cruel man, nor authors advocate the death penalty. Years later, the death penalty may die, so the knowledge about the death penalty may be human cultural heritage.
introctive

China is an ancient civilized country, as well as long history of death penalty and, in some cases, become a skill or art, I want to put my knowledge and understanding of some and discussed. Some aspects of the French people, my reference. Monet stefano material, but mostly from Chinese books.

A and chop

His head is the most classical executed, even the way as death. The most important organ cut people, people were fatally, insurance, shortcut, still can head shoplifting. Formal way is "behead" by zhang fei yan yan, said: "the chop after the prisoners and head chopped head." Anyway, this is mean. In ancient times, the devices are often axe, because the bronze after all soft, not sharp axe, and make efforts to cut down there. After the popularity of iron in chop punishment graally in the leading role, but sing, but also a sharp knife though to wear, use more requires skill, some professional ancestral executioner also arises at the historic moment. The so-called skill, is aimed at the neck vertebra gap, the prisoner, and a knife to cut the separation, if not, would not suddenly cut down the prisoner, half struggle, appear naturally embarrassing clamour and sometimes group of people will laugh at the executioner. A legend of qing dynasty, the higher requirement by post, blunt knife inmates its suffer, that is not exactly.
Who is the earliest history, I am afraid we can't been beheaded by investigation, the famous historical figures, head also don't ShengJu ring, "said one of the surviving prisoners, listening to his executioners of a knife is sharp, especially by him to leave no stone unturned to execute, a knife, fly up in the air, the head is a cheer way:" good!" Again, the separation, no respiratory organs, the light is not going to talk a head, the surviving the stories are told some HuXian ghost story, do not count. But really, sometimes for execution of nerve and reaction, fly out of the head of a mouthful bite again, to have this matter, then avowed unlucky. After entering the qing dynasty, the man left braid, to bring convenience to execution, then ask, one prisoner kneel down his body, one clench braid tried the prisoner's neck, as far as possible, convenient hangman. Elongation In addition, a Japanese invading army soldiers records, said they'd slaughter in countless times that originally kneel down in the monster was beheaded head, feet, and natural straight body can leap, so they intentionally let slain facing river, let them "jump" themselves.Cut cut and kind, the penalty is cut off, and major organ that lives, comparison, ks die slowly, some more pain. Qin qin and han dynasties, the so-called chop is halved, was originally called XiaoShou beheading. Legends of qing dynasty, because of the other ZhangTingLu halved, before his death by fraud, dip in with his own blood on the ground wrote thirteen "miserable" word, finally, word has illegible. Because ZhangTingLu wrote seven miserably, ks death from being yongzheng abolished. Someone said that success is halved, even said that he will reward of the tale of the marshes, but gold sigh before the execution and greed, said: "I'd slaughter, to pain, but also in holy sigh unintentionally, not quick zai?" If this sentence is true, then he is to cut the head instead.

Besides , axes can be used in the penal, cut is very easily, not only the back edge tool wear thick, easy, and technical requirements of low, except by the famous ancient bag of three pole, there are few such records and speculation, most propbably is too simple to operate the blade, and no head sensation, fly up in the exquisite art and aesthetic ancient officials and the audience, is very enjoyable, also reflected the tenet. Averagely

Death, the instrialization era, it is the French invention, has become a symbol of France, although other countries have adopted. While in college, I met a French film week, a movie night watching the four French, which appeared in the three parts, a guillotine is a reflection of the revolution, one is about napoleon, and a flat is called the title to the guillotine. One night, returned to dormitory look down at the door also like. However, the French invented the guillotine, the purpose is to let a person dead less pain, another purpose is popular in France, cut because of the autocratic monarchy, only the noble made death can enjoy treatment of beheading and civilians can hang, now is the guillotine grand leveller, is a kind of equality spirit. Later, the SanSeQi, MaSaiQu together with the symbol of the French revolution, and become, Louis xvi, dandong, and queen charlotte's wife, and Roland on short head, once the claim to abolish the death penalty, in his ruling robespierre once SiShiQiTian, there 1373 star head "falling like tiles", in this SiShiQiTian shortly after, he joined the ranks of the guillotine on.
Second, hanging
There are several kinds of execution, hanged, have a plenty of strangled, mostly with cords or something similar to stop breathing, let the person suffocate. Which means the noose hang in the prisoner's neck, let the prisoner with his two legs dangling the weight, let oneself death. And does not need to choke feet dangling outside, mainly through the sewers to suffocate tightening.

In ancient China, the execution, hang mostly for strangled a suicide. Of course gives death is a decent some of the death penalty, but generally can customize project, many people choose to commit suicide by hanging, called "atlas at best. China ancient times the normal practice is hanged the prisoner kneel tied in a pillar, a noose on each side of the neck, trapping a hangman, stick in the noose, then reverse direction and make a noose tight, and finally the prisoner strangled.

According to the Chinese tradition, the body hair skin, the parents, must treasure, can leave one more, also, the silver lining, therefore, not hanged relative beheaded body blood, can maintain complete, is a kind of preferential treatment. Likewise, the death penalty is hanged to light. Emperor yangdi is YuWenHuaJi etc, say: "kill one death has. He wanted to drink wine, find the solution, LingHuHang by practice, and will he sat strangled. In addition, the former qin dynasty as FuJian gold GuiWang Ming yan, etc, were strangled, and Yang is hanged on.

China still has a way of men, is put a noose around his neck, back and then run, run out of a long way, people died, northern call this "the white Wolf," Shanghai area called "NianJiu", who is back, but the way of the modern history of the technique is very long. A court in southern BeiJi bodyguards, named captain killer and LiuTaoZhi, is set back the white Wolf NianJiu experts.

With China's traditional instead of Western Europe, the ancient taken as the privilege of nobility, hanged is aimed at civilians. British Charles, Mary queen of Scots, French Louis xvi, was beheaded, if the nobles were hanged, that is not only his personal, also the whole family. At the beginning of the eighteenth century Italy, had an earl for murder was found hanging, his relatives of the regent's family, so he went to bat, at least not hanged, taken the regent said a words, then become famous saying: "shameful crimes is, rather than a gallows."

The fact is hanged, Western Europe, have filed ropes hanging in die, have a plenty of adhesion, when carrying out there, two legs are naturally. If the scaffold is France's specialty, so the British have on foot pedal activities, and they were also to the length of rope made accurate calculation, hanged a 54 kilograms of prisoners, length of rope 2.46 meters, 54.6 kg for the 95.1 kilograms, 2.40 1.55 metres. This table is too detailed list, I a. 1833, Britain was the last time a juvenile delinquents hangings, this young nine years old, was stolen a bottle of ink.

Need to supplement, ancient Chinese have a kind of punishment is made, let prisoners were standing in a cage, the neck is living, foot can impending were also can not suspended. In a word can be suspended, if the dead hour left foot a stone, death can quickly, if the foot hold, that is, at least within one day will not die, time and again to support the feet long, will die, the LaoCan childe once wrote in detail, had the interest friend to go through. This is also a stop breathing and death, can calculate the varieties, the principle of execution, just different tools. Some of the paddy wagon, let GuZhuangPian prisoner stood inside, actually this are obtained, then the paddy wagon is let prisoners sit inside, of course, though not fatal sat, and very uncomfortable.
Third, the poison
Because of its poison, often used in the covert assassination or commit suicide, if you use it to execution, should say more than hanging more respectable, in China, humanity is usually given death can enjoy the emperor. Archaeologists discovered that he was BiSi qin shihuang Zhen drank wine, it is a kind of bird feathers, Zhen toxic, lethal poison wen-yen, so often called "Zhen". But now, biologists seems not seen in Zhen this bird records.

Besides the so-called Zhen, common poison have peacock bravery, crane, etc. These beautiful birds are toxic, arsenic is used at the poison. The tang dynasty KuLi sent by queen killed once overthrew wu zhou, the five Kings YuanShuJi "SuFu gold, using force of poison to drink, juice, be given rise to anger, Bang poison, claws, beat out a sword." I served the word in gold, maybe he did not understand the class, but is healing stone poison juice although painful, but also offers pulled by other means, finally is enough to kill the spirit.

Also in the record was a gold gap, wine with this is to the south of death, but it isn't a kind of poison, perhaps it is TunJin belongs to die, but both have similarities, just also listed in, also has the scholar said TunJin may not be fatal, past TunJin refers to mercury, if gold gap, the wine is mercury toxic mercury pour indeed.

In the west, is the most famous people put poison is Socrates, he was sentenced to drink juice of a kind of poison, parsley is just one die feel sleepy after losing consciousness, went into death. This is a Greek era in death, all over the world to find design lets a person dead more terrorist more painful, it is a god-given humanitarian lamp, although Socrates was accused of crimes in looks very funny.
In many misunderstandings, poison, although many people died of murder or commit suicide, I still want to take them to make some clarification, for example: first, the peacock bravery, crane is poison, the name of the object, but not all is legendary poison, Second, the ham ray of the mercury in the ears of death is absurd, such doing can damage eardrum, but not death-dealing because mercury from nasal, mercury into the esophagus causes mercury poisoning, rather than the intestines of legend people fall, Third, DaZhongMa novels that can increase the amount of arsenic armor against toxicity is nonsense, a long served arsenic poisoning can cause chronic, napoleon's death by British people like to kill.

Four, or punishment

The man, after all is drown into drown, on the one hand, do so simple, on the other hand, many people think water washing one's sin, so that punishment in the world record.

For example, northern hu's queen was thrown into the river ZhuRong drowned, During the late tang dynasty ZhuWen kill them, but also the chancellor threw into the Yellow River, he said: "your pretence, today I'm going to let our you become turbidity-current." After the death of Mongolia, the queen of the ruling for two years, is ever lost took the throne. Meerkats etc ring his trial, ordered stripped the lost of clothes, sea lost rebuked them say: "my flesh, only the first emperor, you have what things?" Finally the sea was lost in the bag, make carpet is thrown into a river. As to the end of the qing dynasty to now also ZhenFei, leaving deep well for people. Still? The murder, the witch, and threw it into the river, disciple is actually addicted in practice.
Ming yongle XieJin wit, against the emperor was put in prison, and after a long time, cheng zhu accidental list in the prisoner, and saw his name freely asked a sentence: "XieJin didn't ° yet dead?" The words of a careless word may XieJin to kill, he was DaoCha died in a snow-bank. Such die of drowning, buried and between the snow is between the water because cured him, I also was drowned in people.

Later, when the underworld in Shanghai, often USES the murder victim on stone into the river and drowned, they have devised a poetic name: a lotus. Any, looks elegant and even a bit like a sissy from Shanghai, in this respect is very creative, in addition to the above mentioned NianJiu "back", "lotus", and put a man rob money grilled called off clothes, "if you are the man that is scratched off", "girl called" pigs off, "child" sheep HuSun off." Besides, still some poetic humor.

Continue on the topics we drown type, some of the world, not only the national water as the executor of the death penalty, but also the water as judges, ancient Greek heroes lore, the argonauts Dana Ann and her children were thrown into the sea, the waves on the shore, the mother and therefore considered innocent, forgiven.

Like so many things, the lucky few row is either placed into his pocket, either to bind feet, or bind stone, and then being thrown into the water. British people have a kind of special or punishment, is tied to the seaside, waiting for the prisoners, sea tide when the people flooded bit by bit. The russians in tuen mun river in China has a civilian braid tied together into heilongjiang. When the French revolution or punishment to the utmost, China correspondent development in compiling the king of rebellion for party a has made the ship bottom activities, can let a person fall into water, he took the child and collective drowning, reason is "don't let the Wolf cubs grew into a Wolf". Then he made the emperor napoleon's secret police leader, later napoleon, he failed in the persecution of conspiracy, and finally napoleon abdicated his old job for restoration, dry and executed for the imperial napoleon Bonaparte came.
Five, buried alive

In ancient China, the elegant name is buried "hole", ChangPing massacre in four qin zhao method is "hole", discusses the qin Confucian to deal with "hole", on the eve of the qin dynasty perish, chu overlord xiang came under ZhangHan disposal and 200,000 pawn "hole", seem to rise, qin dynasty and its destruction, with a "hole" word.

Buried alive is to bury in the soil, the thick mud plugged the respiratory system, make the person suffocate in today, it seems, is very cruel. Again, there are the benefits of buried buried, a large operation, the process can be simpler, 2 can be forced to dig themselves were killed, dig a hole does not need any special skills, China is a great agricultural country, people will have to dig, Three is not as large as punishment, or implementation of environmental pollution and reveal the truth is, to ensure that no one can change escape, Four is low; the cost of absolute Five is seldom able to escape.

Because there are so many advantages, qin shihuang before and after long years, buried alive has been ignored. Some of the shang dynasty unearthed from the grave, people can see hundreds of thousands of buried alive, some put the bones, estimation is very after killing, and some are put in an extreme distortion, that was alive and threw them. TaBaShi rise in north slope, ginseng adds up to a postwar mass killings HouYan prisoners, in fact they are xianbei people.

Buried alive and not the quintessence of Chinese culture and history from Rome is buried. According to legend, a virgin to serve god with Mars, the twins, violated the plattorn supposed to the regulations, the name of the virgin was fined silvia buried, and her two children were thrown into the wilderness, by a female Wolf, the brothers raised a roma. A call, after they were eager to Rome built a night. The Inca empire in the americas, serve the sun saint infidelity, if will also be buried alive. In medieval Europe, female sometimes not hanged but buried alive, because the eyes, DaoDeGu from a woman is not in the gallows flap about something. Etiquette,

China has a similar buried alive, that is the death of the wet nose and mouth, SangPiZhi covered with the purpose to suffocate. This is very decent dies, only the royal staff and senior noble only entitled, small people, just wait. Or hanging head

Hear Khmer rouge also invented a similar execution-a, that is a plastic bags in one head, also can have the effect of SangPiZhi, murder weapon is multifarious, we buy vegetables, the most common use of plastic bags, but also has another kind of function.
Six, starve to death
People's living, breathing, but the most important is the food. So once don't eat not to drink, or drink too much, and will die, the truth, and naturally in self-evident for life deprived process.

The people starved to death, was the first in the primitive society, people lose labor ability to support the old man or abandoned children in the wild. In ancient China, starve often also is a kind of kindness, for example, wu zetian's son-in-law XueShao family plot against the queen in the family, and was put to death, because the land is XueShao princess, because of her husband in jail was starved to death, have a whole corpse.

As punishment for implementation of starvation, often used in many historical records on. The west is executed, lu ZhaoWangYou his hunger, LiuYou hungry when listless interest to a poem, a few words: "in jie not regret, xi ning early appease the king and starve xi lu? Who frets of Daniel's revenge day xi rejects!" The shiji says he died for "death".

Han emperor offered by CaoCaoPa fell from the palace queen, her hair and dragged out to offer, crying, barefoot emperor said: "don't help me alive?" Poor han emperor offer only said: "I don't know when to life?" The queen was sent to the wild fell dead, but also quiet room starved to death.

The most shocking is jia, she ordered at south is nominally mother-in-law Yang empress, Yang callings for waste from the queen mother PangShi forcibly removed by pulling the die, Yang empress hungry eight genius, because be afraid starve to jin Yang empress wu will dead, Yang's back down and put a spell burial, drugs, etc. Fortunately, there also revealing the south in the custody of the city was queen JinYong Yang poisoning.

Foreign history also has many people starved to death, the disposal of a medieval called "terrorist pear" devices, copper iron type, metal pieces together, there is the piriform spring and screw, into the mouth, then start switch can like flower open, make the person can shout, of course, also cannot drink. At that time, "terrorist pear is very wide, not only use" into the mouth, but also can plug into the anal or vaginal can.

Drink too much to starve to death, and can be deadly, Rome had someone give up drinking water, then put his penis tied, but the trick is to fill the prisoner belly stopped the anus. In the 1930s, the Spanish civil war in someone invented by cement rectums method of execution.

*************(There was not enough space)

㈡ 中國歷史上有廢除過死刑的朝代嗎廢死真的能成功嗎

中國歷史上沒有廢抄除死刑的朝代，

秦朝，最有名的商鞅就是被五馬分屍的。所以秦代有死型。
漢代，漢景帝時的晁錯，腰斬於市。所以，漢代有死型。東漢就不說了，外戚爭來爭去的，不知道殺了多少人。有多少冤獄。
三國時代，魏、蜀、吳三國都有死型。孔明斬馬謖，曹操屠徐州，諸葛恪被夷滅三族。這些都是例證。
兩晉，最有名的毒女人賈南風，製造的冤案很多，基本上都是死刑。
南北朝是混亂時期，越是混亂的時候，越是重殺罰，死刑就越是用的厲害。

隋朝，高熲算是當時的一個冤案，死刑，子女流放。
唐朝，僅武則天時代就有四大冤案，殺了多少人啊。
五代十國，軍閥混戰，沒有死刑不可能。
宋朝，最有名的抗金名將，岳飛就是死刑。

與宋同時的，遼與金。也是有死刑的。
元朝，蒙古人殺死一個漢人，只要繳一頭毛驢的價錢。這樣的朝代，不可能沒有死刑。
明朝，先是朱元璋用死刑殺了無數官員，再是方孝孺被滅十族。
清朝，乾隆年前的文字獄用死刑快把讀書人的骨氣都殺沒了。後期的戊戌六君子都是斬頭的。
民國，有死刑。
從上面看，中國歷代都是有死型的。至於秦以前的，周，商，夏這三代朝代，肯定是有死刑的。

廢除死刑，是社會進步與人性化的一種體現。隨著社會的進步與發展，應該可以實現的。

㈢ 中國最初的死刑制度可以追溯到什麼時候

死刑並不是復自古以來就存在的，但制是在中國歷史中，死刑作為最嚴酷的刑罰，出現的非常早。傳說中的三皇時代，懲罰違反風俗習慣行為的方法是撲「擲」（打不出原字，提手旁一個「失」）和放逐，並不存在死刑和肉刑。直至五帝時代，即是在邦人私有制出現後，就已經有了死刑。根據《尚書

㈣ 中國古代從一開始就有死刑嗎包括三皇五帝時期！

奴隸制五刑是指墨、劓（音易）、刖（音月）、宮、大辟。
封建制五刑指笞、杖、徒、流、死。
墨刑又叫做黥（音晴）刑，先割破人的面部，然後塗墨，傷好後留下深色的傷疤。
劓，即割鼻子，漢文帝廢除肉刑後，用笞三百代替，後來，又減少了笞數。此後，該刑不再出現。
刖，夏朝稱臏，周時稱刖。是指斬掉左腳、右腳或者斬雙腳。有的說稱臏是去掉膝蓋骨。秦朝稱為斬趾。
宮，又叫淫刑、腐刑、蠶室刑。開始是懲罰那些有***行為人，後來處此刑的人與***無關。宮刑是五刑中僅次於死刑的一種重刑。東漢時曾經用這種刑罰來作為死罪減等刑。隋朝法律正式廢除。
大辟
大辟，即死刑。秦漢以前的死刑種類很多，如戮、烹、車裂（五馬分屍）、梟首（砍頭後懸掛示眾）、棄市（鬧市斬首後暴屍於眾）、絞、陵遲（也寫作凌遲）等。

中國死刑淵源，通說認為：死刑以原始「食人」習慣為淵源。我國古籍中素有「古人相食」的傳說：「近佛國遇有商船至其國，群起擒之，以巨竹夾而燒食之。」在上個世紀，南美大陸和太平洋島嶼中的一些土著人中還存在著食人的現象，這的確可以說明，「古人相食」的傳說並非虛構。據蔡樞衡先生考證：死刑與遠古時期食人兼懲罰的習慣有關。五帝時期有五種死刑，其中有一種叫「有邦」，即用火燒熟後食之。寧漢林先生進一步指出：「有邦確實燒炙。也就是用火將罪犯烤死，並將其肉烤熟，然後將其吃掉」。這是最野蠻的死刑，顯然是原始社會吃人舊俗而採用的死刑。
筆者認為，通說有不妥之處：第一，我們姑且認為「有邦」與原始社會「食人」的習俗具有因襲關系，其實也只能說明五帝時代這一種死刑是由原始「食人」習慣演變而來，而未能說明其他四種死刑淵源。第二，蔡樞衡先生所指的「有邦」，是《尚書·皋陶》中記述的「有邦」、「兢兢」、「業業」、「一日」、「二日」五種死刑之一，屬於黃河中上游以黃帝為盟主的各部落的刑罰體系，與黃河中下游的以蚩尤為盟主的各部落的刑罰體系，即《尚書·呂刑》中記述的「大辟、劓、刖、宮、黔」五種刑罰顯然不同。由此可見，以「有邦」為源考證，並不能全面說明中國原始社會整個刑罰體系中「死刑」的淵源，有失偏頗。因此，死刑的淵源在於原始「食人」習慣，至少不是對死刑淵源的完整說明。
筆者認為，中國最初的死刑從戰爭行為中產生。首先，中國的刑罰是戰爭的產物，即「刑起於兵」「兵之於刑，二而一也。」在中國古代文獻中，法律一般稱為「刑」，戰爭(征戰)則稱為「兵」。法律與戰爭的關系也就是「刑」與「兵」的關系。我國歷來就有「刑始於兵」的說法。《漢書·刑法志》說：「大刑用甲兵，其次用斧鉞；中刑用刀據，其次用鑽笮；簿刑用鞭撲。大者陳之原野，小者致之市朝。其所繇來者上矣。」「甲兵」、「斧鉞」是兵器，也是斬殺俘虜的工具，原野即戰場。以兵器為刑具，以戰場為刑場。後世認為軍事、刑罰兩者不應混合，可是在古人眼裡卻是一回事。《漢書·刑法志》顧名思義是講刑法的，但近一半的篇幅大談古代的軍制、軍賦和兵法。可見，古代「兵」「刑」一源，直至漢代仍為人們所熟知。最早的刑罰導源於氏族社會的血族復仇或部族之間的戰爭。據古史傳說，華夏族在通向文明的大道上，曾發生過三次大規模的戰爭，即共工和蚩尤之戰、黃帝和蚩尤之戰、黃帝與炎帝之戰，這些傳說中的部族為了掠奪財富、侵佔土地，展開了激烈的爭奪和頻繁的征戰。到堯舜時代，甚至夏、商、周三代，一族一姓的興衰也是和征戰息息相關的。戰爭成了經常性職業，「法律主要就是藉助征戰這種特殊形式而慢慢形成的。」史前時期，中國古代刑法的幾種主要刑罰形式有死刑、肉刑(亦稱創刑，方法有劓、臏、黥、宮等)和流放之刑(即廢刑)，次要的還有鞭撲之刑等，它們大都在部族征戰中出現和使用，最起碼和征戰有密切的關系。例如死刑中的「殛」，傳說是在黃帝部族與蚩尤部族大戰中發明的。蚩尤戰敗，黃帝以「蚩支」方式制裁。據蔡樞衡先生考證，「蚩支」字由蚩、支二字組成，蚩指蚩尤，支是擊，擊是治，亦即殺蚩支，就是刺殺蚩尤。由於在古文字里，「蚩支」、「殛」同音轉假，詞異而義同，故而「蚩支」變為殛，而殛、刺相通，殛就是刺殺，殛成為史前最重要的死刑。黃帝時的刑罰依據的是傳說，難以全信，而《尚書·堯典》說：「象以典刑；流宥五刑；鞭作宮刑；撲作教刑；金作贖刑。」據李衡梅先生考證是可信的。恩格斯也指出：「我們今日的死刑」是「血族復仇」的「文明形式」。「刑起於兵」，毋庸置疑。
既然「刑起於兵」毋庸質疑，那麼死刑的淵源也只有從戰爭的行為中探求：在遠古時代，戰爭中的核心行為是殺敵與傷敵，這似乎是對中國最初的刑罰體系以死列與肉刑為中心作了最好的詮釋。死刑是殺人，戰爭中的殺敵也是殺人；肉刑是毀人身體，戰爭中的傷敵也是毀人身體。戰爭中的殺敵、傷敵行為與作為刑罰的死刑、肉刑如此相似，是否足以說明前者便是後者的淵源?這一推論當然還不足讓人信服，那麼，「大刑用甲兵，其次用斧鉞」中的「斧鉞」，「中刑用刀鋸，其次用鑽鑿」中的「刀鋸」與「鑽鑿」本指兵器，卻被借代指死刑與肉刑，不正說明了戰爭行為向刑罰方法轉化的過程嗎?
綜上所述，中國古代的刑罰產生於戰爭的需要，戰爭是中國古代死刑產生的直接原因。死刑在平時的適用，只不過是對產生於戰爭之需的死刑的認可和沿襲。因此，戰爭中的殺敵、傷敵行為，是中國死刑的淵源。
一是完全以史學為根據。《商君書·畫策》載：「皇帝內行刀鋸」，《尚書·皋陶》所載：五帝時代所存在的「有邦」、「兢兢」、「業業」、「一日」、「二日」均系死刑，而同時存在的「聰聰」、「明畏」系肉刑，這些足以證明五帝時代便存在死刑與肉刑。這些史料經過訓詁、考辯，從而證明中國死刑起源於堯舜時期，死刑與肉刑的產生是刑罰形成的標志。
二是以階級分析的方法推定真正意義上的刑罰產生於作為第一個奴隸制國家的夏朝。據此，三皇五帝時代縱然存在某些行為規范與制裁性手段，其也只屬原始習慣的范疇，而不具有作為階級意志體現的由國家制訂或認可的法律意義，因而不屬法律與刑罰的范疇。而作為法律制裁意義上的刑罰只能起源於夏朝，相應的，死刑的產生也應以夏朝為E限。
三是折衷說：包括死刑在內的刑罰萌發於堯舜時期，完備於夏朝。其根據是，處於社會末期的堯舜時代，雖然還沒有形成統一的部落國家，但私有財產和階級均已出現，因此，自堯舜時代至夏朝是國家於私有制形成的階段。在這一過
程中，完全可能產生某些刑罰性質的強行性規范來打擊「犯罪」——即所謂的「奸行」。而這些強行性規范，在國家形成之後，經過統治階級的改造與認可，便成為作為維護私有制統治的刑罰。因此，如以死刑的草創為標志，死刑的產生時間應定為堯舜時期，如以死刑的完備為標志，則死刑的產生時間應定在夏朝。
筆者認為，以上三說，第二說的不合理性是顯而易見的，因其關於中國刑罰起源於夏朝的主張，明顯不符合有據可察的歷史事實。大量史料記載充分證明，在夏以前的堯舜時代，即存在比較完備的刑罰手段，死刑也是其中之一。如《圖書集成祥刑典》記載：「帝共命舜居攝，制五刑……」這表明，在堯舜時期，即創制有五種刑罰方法構成的刑罰體系。這一記載，為《能鑒前編》所載：「帝堯七十有六載制五刑」所印證。同樣，《尚書舜典》所載「五刑有服」，《竹書紀年》所載「帝舜三年，命皋陶作刑」，《左傳召公十四年》所載：「夏書曰：昏、墨、賊、殺，皋陶之刑也。」彼此印證，相互一致地證明了在舜時不僅有了作為懲罰罪惡之手段的刑罰，而且死刑也是這一時期的刑罰之一。第二說「無視眾多史料的記述，而僅僅以『沒有國家就沒有法律』為據，簡單推論夏朝之前不存在刑法和刑罰，顯然不是基於客觀史實之上的結論，而只不過是主觀成見的產物。」

㈤ 中國歷史上最殘酷的死刑有哪些

炮烙之刑 車裂之刑 凌遲之刑 …現代的刑罰比如FBI使用的水刑，看似毫無暴力，但卻更能摧毀人的意志

㈥ 中國歷史上極刑有那些

剝皮

剝的時候由脊椎下刀，一刀把背部皮膚分成兩半，慢慢用刀分開皮膚跟肌肉，像蝴蝶展翅一樣的撕開來。。最難的是胖子，因為皮膚和肌肉之間還有一堆油，不好分開。
另外還有一種剝法，不知道可信度多少。方法是把人埋在土裡，只露出一顆腦袋，在頭頂用刀割個十字，把頭皮拉開以後，向裡面灌水銀下去。由於水銀比重很重，會把肌肉跟皮膚拉扯開來，埋在土裡的人會痛得不停扭動，又無法掙脫，最後身體會從從定的那個口「光溜溜」的跳出來，只剩下一張皮留在土裡。。。

皮剝下來之後製成兩面鼓，掛在衙門口，以昭炯戒。最早的剝皮是死後才剝，後來發展成活剝。

腰斬

由於腰斬是把人從中間切開，而主要的器官都在上半身，因此犯人不會一下子就死，斬完以後還會神智清醒，得過好一段時間才會斷氣。

明成祖殺方孝孺就是用腰斬，傳說一刀下去之後，方孝孺還以肘撐地爬行，以手沾血連書「篡」字，一共寫了十二個半才斷氣車裂即五馬分屍，很簡單，就是把受刑人的頭跟四肢套上繩子，由五匹快馬拉著向五個方向急奔，把人撕成六塊。

記得商鞅就是受五馬分屍之刑。

要把人的頭跟四肢砍下來都得花不少力氣，更何況是用拉扯的。而受刑人身受的苦處更可想而知。真到撕開的時候，恐怕受刑人已經不會覺得痛苦了。痛苦的是正在拉扯的時候。

俱五刑

把砍頭，刖，割手，挖眼，割耳和一，即「大卸八塊」，通常是把人殺死以後，才把人的頭、手腳剁下來，再把軀干剁成三塊。

漢高祖死後，呂後把他的寵妾如意夫人抓來，剁去手腳，割掉鼻子耳朵舌頭，眼睛挖出，丟在豬圈裡喂養，取名「人彘」。結果呂後自己的兒子看到，給活活嚇死。。。凌遲最早是把人殺死之後再剁成肉醬，稱為「醢」，受過此刑的記得有子路，還有周文王的長子伯邑考。

後來發展更加精細，目的還是要讓犯人受最大的痛苦，因此不但是活的時候施刑，還要求受刑人必須身受多少刀以後才死。

據說發展到後來，每次凌遲要由兩個人執行，從腳開始割，一共要割一千刀，也就是要割下一千片肉片才准犯人斷氣。而據說犯人若未割滿一千刀就斷了氣，執行人也要受刑。發展成「死刑的藝術」而受此刑最有名的人就是大太監劉謹，聽說一共割了三天才讓他斷氣。。。而最慘的是明末抗清名將袁崇煥，因為崇楨皇帝中了反間計，誤以為他通敵賣國，判他凌遲處死，行刑前以魚網覆身（讓肌肉突出以便下刀），遊街示眾，被北京城無知的民眾沖上前去，把他的肉一塊一塊咬下來。。。那種心理的痛恐怕遠高於生理的痛。

這是明清的正式刑之一。

縊首

在國外，絞刑是普遍使用的刑罰。

中國人的絞刑是用弓弦縊殺。。。就是把弓套在受刑人脖子上，弓弦朝前，行刑人在後面開始旋轉那張弓，弓越轉越緊，受刑人的氣就越來越少，最後終於斷氣。。。岳飛父子就是這樣死在風波亭，（因為他是功臣，不能斬首，要留全屍）而明末流亡的桂王也是這樣給吳三桂親手縊殺。。。烹煮即「請君入瓮」那是唐朝時代，武則天當皇帝的時候，朝中有位酷吏叫來俊臣，崇尚嚴刑峻法，對不肯招供的犯人往往以酷刑對待。

方法是找個大瓮，把人塞進去，然後在瓮下面用柴火加熱。溫度越來越高，受刑人也越來越受不了，如果不肯招供的話，往往就被燒死在瓮里。。。後來武則天聽說了這件事，就把來俊臣找來，問他犯人不肯招供要怎麼辦？來俊臣很得意的把這個方法說了出來，武則天就淡淡的說了句：「則請君入瓮」，把來俊臣燒死。。。宮刑司馬遷就是受了宮刑，才會寫出史記，也才會在「報任少卿書」里寫出「身直為閨閣之臣」這樣的句子。

中國人的閹割可講究了。首先要拿繩子把小弟弟綁起來（包括子孫袋）讓血液不流通，自然壞死，後拿利刃一刀子割掉（全部喔！不是只有小弟弟）。割掉了以後拿香灰一蓋，止血，還得拿根鵝毛插在尿道里。等過了幾天把鵝毛拿掉，如果尿得出來，閹割就算成功了。要是尿不出來，那個人就算廢了，大概最後會死於尿毒症吧。

所以如果是要閹來當宦官的話，最好趁年紀還小就閹掉，年紀大了危險性高很多。

此刑常被貴族沖抵死刑。

相對的女性為「幽閉」

刖刑

關於刖刑，大家的說法不太一樣。

有人說是把膝蓋以下都砍掉，也有人說是把膝蓋骨削掉，以後者比較可信。

總之，刖刑是一種類似截肢的酷刑。

戰國時代，孫臏受師兄陷害，受的就是刖刑。√鄧直糾唇興銼觶苄討螅鷗奈鎩鴿鰲埂！
如果是把膝蓋骨削掉，大腿小腿之間失去了保護，這個人可能連站都站不起來，所以稗官野史上說，孫臏受刑之後，上陣打仗連騎馬都沒辦法，必須要坐車（馬車或人力車）。

插針

用針插手指甲縫。常用於女囚

活埋

活埋是戰爭時常用的手段。因為省力，速度也快。

戰爭里的活埋，都是叫戰俘自己挖坑，有時會先殺死俘虜再把他們推下去，但時間不夠的時候（或是要省子彈時），就直接把他們推進去以後蓋土。中國的酷刑中，活埋古已有之。不過沒聽過有什麼名人受過這種刑罰。比較狠一點的，會把人直挺挺的埋在土裡，只露出一個頭，然後開始凌虐。。鴆毒鴆毒大概算是酷刑之中唯一比較人道的方式。。。。

中國古代的毒葯中，最有名的應該是「鳩」這種毒葯，成語中的「飲鳩止渴」便是源自於此。

常用於賜死情況

棍刑

即木樁刑。

這里要說的棍刑，不是用棍子打人。這里說的棍刑，是拿根棍子直接從人的嘴或肛門里插進去，整根沒入，穿破胃腸，讓人死得苦不堪言。

正史上沒有看過用這種刑罰的記載，不過金庸小說「俠客行」里有提到，還給這種酷刑起了個美名叫「開口笑」。

鋸割

把人用鐵鋸活活鋸死，其慘狀似乎與凌遲、剝皮也在伯仲之間，難怪在地獄酷刑中，就專門有把人鋸開的酷刑。然而，鋸死活人不僅在傳說的地獄中存在，在人間也是確確實實存在著的。據《三國志．吳書．孫皓傳》記載，三國時，吳帝孫皓的愛妾指使近侍到集市上搶奪百姓的財物，主管集市貿易的中郎將陳聲原是孫皓的寵臣，他捕獲搶劫者繩之以法。愛妾告訴孫皓，孫皓大怒，假借其他事端逮捕陳聲，命里武士而燒紅的大鋸鋸斷陳聲的頭，把他的屍體投到四望台下。

斷椎

當一個人對另一個人仇恨之極時，往往會想到要打斷他的脊椎骨。打斷脊椎骨確實是一種很解氣的行為，因為人的脊樑骨若是斷了，他也就一命嗚呼了。

在中國歷史上，斷椎也是一種很重要的酷刑。據《商君書．賞刑篇》載，春秋時姬重耳打算明文規定刑律，使國內百姓人人守法，就和大夫們一同商議。

姬重耳的著名朝臣顛頡很晚才到，有人認為顛頡有罪，應該給以處罰。於是，姬重耳批准，將顛頡斷椎處死。晉國的士大夫們都非常害怕，他們說：顛頡跟隨姬重耳流亡列國十九年，功勞很大，現在偶爾有小過尚且受到如此嚴厲的刑罰，何況我們哪？從此人人畏刑守法。

灌鉛

在佛教關於閻羅的故事中，有閻羅黑白二相的說法，白相即為地獄之主，有百官所命，美女圍侍；黑相即每天有兩個時辰，要受銅汁灌腸之苦。

與此相似，人間有灌錫或灌鉛的酷刑。錫的熔點是攝氏二三二度，鉛的熔點是攝氏三二七點四度，無論灌錫或灌鉛都能把人燙死。而且溶化的錫或鉛一入肚腹就會凝固成硬塊，這種重金屬的墜力也能致人死命。

漢代廠川王劉去的王後陽城昭信妒忌而暴虐。劉去寵愛另一位名叫榮愛的美姬，多次和她一塊飲酒，昭信妒性大發，就向劉去說：「榮愛看人時，神色有些不正常，大概是和誰有私情」。

劉去信以為真，他見榮愛正在給他綉衣領上的花紋，就一怒之下奪過衣服投進火中燒掉了。榮愛見劉去生氣，非常害怕，投井尋死，劉去命令人把她撈出來，不幸沒有死。

劉去杖責榮愛，＼＊＼＊＼＊她招認私情，榮愛受刑不過，胡亂說出和醫生有姦情。劉去越發惱怒，就把榮愛綁在柱子上，用燒紅的尖刀剜掉她的兩隻眼珠，再割下她的兩條大腿上的肉，最後用溶化的鉛灌入她的口中，這樣一直把榮愛摧殘至死。

梳洗

這里說的梳洗並不是女子的梳妝打扮，而是一種極為殘酷的刑罰，它指的是用鐵刷子把人身上的肉一下一下地抓梳下來，直至肉盡骨露，最終咽氣。

梳洗之刑的真正發明者是朱元璋，據沈文的《聖君初政記》記載，實施梳洗之刑時，劊子手把犯人剝光衣服，裸體放在鐵床上，用滾開的水往他的身上澆幾遍，然後用鐵刷子一下一下地刷去他身上的皮肉。就像民間殺豬用開水燙過之後去毛一般，直到把皮肉刷盡，露出白骨，而受刑的人等不到最後早就氣絕身亡了。梳洗之刑與凌遲有異曲同工之妙。據《舊唐書．桓彥范傳》記載，武三思曾派周利貞逮捕桓彥范，把他在竹槎上曳來曳去，肉被盡，露出白骨，然後又把他杖殺。

㈦ 新中國歷史上死刑犯越獄事件

1、馬漢慶、1991年，他從雲南購買了兩把軍用手槍和子彈。1996年在武漢作案後，懾於警方追捕，他帶著贓款一路逃竄，先後流竄到重慶、成都、海口、廣州等地，1997年落1三亞，並與一湖南籍女子一起生活。2004年，被警方在三亞抓獲。

2、東北二王王宗方、王宗瑋兄弟二人「二王」是沈陽人，名王宗方、王宗瑋，為兄弟二人。1983年2月12日中午，王宗方、王宗瑋混入沈陽空軍463醫院。王宗方撬開小賣部房門，入室盜竊，王宗瑋在外放哨。

此時，醫院人員發現王宗瑋形跡可疑，將他帶到醫院外科室盤查，後又抓住企圖逃跑的王宗方。王宗瑋趁機開槍打死醫院人員周仕民，又闖入隔壁房間，打死3人打傷人，「二王」匆忙逃竄。公安機關為抓捕「二王」，鄂、湘、贛、皖、豫等南部重點省組織大規模調查追蹤。1983年9月13日二人在江西廣昌縣被發現，當地軍警配合，於1983年9月18日將「二王」擊殺。據了解，「二王」一路流亡反抗致使幹警群眾死傷二十餘人。

3、周克華周克華，男，1970年2月6日出生，漢族，初中文化，重慶市沙坪壩區井口鎮二塘村人，身高1.67米，曾因販賣槍支服刑。蘇湘渝系列持槍搶劫殺人案製造者，公安部a級通緝犯。自「1-6南京槍擊搶劫案」後，公安部明確：「1·6」南京槍擊劫案，與此前湖南長沙、重慶發生的6起持槍搶劫殺人案，均系同一犯罪嫌疑人所為。

周克華從2004年開始持槍搶劫殺人，八年間，游盪3省，殺害10人，傷6人。2012年8月10日，上午9點34分，此案犯再次在重慶沙坪壩區鳳鳴山康居苑中國銀行儲蓄所門前實施槍擊搶劫，造成一死兩傷。後警方查證明確：案犯系周克華。8月14日凌晨6時50分，周克華在重慶沙坪壩區童家橋一帶被警方擊斃。

4、魏振海山東人。魏振海綽號「小黑」，曾是西安「道北」黑道所熟知的「老大」。1986年10月20日下午，魏振海穿著警服冒充公安持槍殺人並搶走3.6萬元巨款。就在公安機關展開偵破的同時，西安蓮湖區又發生傷人案，兩兄妹受傷，歹徒逃離時公然向圍追人群開槍。兩個月後，北郊炕底寨又現殺人碎屍案。牽涉3條人命。1987年6月30日，魏振海被抓獲。1988年3月28日，這個25歲的死刑犯越獄。

1989年11月25日，魏振海再次作案，殺害個體煙販岳德林，搶劫現金13.8萬元。兩民警趕到試圖堵門抓捕，竟遭魏振海手榴彈襲擊。1990年1月30日，魏振海越獄兩年後再度落網。3月20日早晨，背負11條人命的魏振海被槍決。

5、白寶山白寶山是北京市石景山人，1958年出生於河北省徐水縣，是一個只上過3年學卻有些很高智商和極高的反偵查能力的悍匪。1997年中國頭號罪犯。自1996年3月起的兩年時間內，白寶山襲警搶槍、殺人搶錢，曾在北京、河北、新疆等地作案多起，持「五六」式半自動步槍、「八一」式自動步槍、「五四」式手槍，先後殺害軍人、警察和無辜群眾17人，擊傷15人，搶錢140餘萬元，並在獄中先後殺害2人，是建國以來罕見的悍匪。1998年4月，白寶山被執行槍決。

6、雷國民安徽省桐城人。從1992年到2001年4月，雷國民先後單獨或夥同他人，在廣東、福建、江西、安徽、江蘇、雲南、吉林等地，搶劫作案15起，殺害無辜群眾20人，重傷4人，劫得現金350餘萬元，各類車輛8輛和一批金首飾。2001年12月28日，雷國民被核准死刑後，執行了槍決。

7、龍治民陝西省商洛人。20年前，這個人製造了新中國最大的個人惡性殺人案-48條人命148具屍體就埋在自己家的院子裡面。1985年5月28日，龍治民被捕。、

8、張君湖南省常德人。新中國成立以來罕見的暴力集團犯罪張君、李澤軍特大系列搶劫殺人案犯罪團伙主犯，自1991年6月至2000年9月，在重慶、湖南、湖北三省市等地持械搶劫、故意殺人、搶劫槍支彈葯22次，致28人死亡、5人重傷、15人輕傷、2人輕微傷，劫得財物價值人民幣536.9萬元。

其中，1997年l1月27日，張君、李澤軍、嚴若明持槍搶劫長沙市友誼商城黃金櫃台，致2人死亡、1人輕傷、1人輕微傷，搶得黃金飾品價值人民幣137.2萬元；2000年9月1日，張君、李澤軍、陳世清、趙正洪在湖南省常德市持槍搶劫常德農業銀行北站分理處運鈔車，致7人死亡、4人輕傷、1人輕微傷，劫得經警微型沖鋒槍2支及其子彈20發。2000年9月21日，張君在重慶被捕。2001年5月20日，張君被押赴刑場執行槍決。

9、楊新海河南省正陽縣人。1990年前後，先後到過山西、河北等地，在一些煤礦、建築隊上打工，期間因盜竊、強奸被2次勞教，1次判刑。從2000年9月起直至2003年8月，楊新海曾橫跨皖豫魯冀4省，瘋狂作案26起，殺死67人，傷10人，強奸23人。

(7)中國死刑的歷史擴展閱讀：

死刑，也稱為極刑、處決、生命刑。是世界上最古老的刑罰之一，指行刑者基於法律所賦予的權力，結束一個犯人的生命。

遭受這種剝奪生命的刑罰方法的有關犯人通常都在當地犯了嚴重罪行。盡管這「嚴重罪行」的定義時常有爭議，但在現時保有死刑的國家中，一般來說，「謀殺」必然是犯人被判死刑的其中一個重要理由。

《刑法修正案》9中：執行死刑條件由如果故意犯罪，查證屬實，等發生重大犯罪，手段極其殘忍，社會影響極其惡劣，如故意殺人，勒索，綁架，搶劫，強奸，販毒，等危害國家的都有可能會執行死刑。

參考資料：網路—死刑