⑴ 英文版瑞士歷史介紹,最好附上中文,急急急急
國名:瑞士聯邦 (Swiss Confederation)
Switzerland is also known as "Confoederatio Helvetica", therefore the abbreviation CH. "Confoederatio" stands for "confederation", "Helvetica" derives from the Latin word "Helvetier", the name of the people who lived in the area which became later Switzerland.
國慶日:8月1日(1291年)
國旗: 呈正方形。旗地為紅色,正中一個白色十字。瑞士國旗圖案的來歷眾說紛紜,其中有代表性的說法就有四種。至1848年,瑞士制定了新聯邦憲法,正式規定紅地白十字旗為瑞士聯邦國旗。白色象徵和平、公正和光明,紅色象徵著人民的勝利、幸福和熱情;國旗的整組圖案象徵國家的統一。這面國旗在1889曾作過修改,把原來的紅地白十字橫長方形改為正方形,象徵國家在外交上採取的公正和中立的政策。
The white cross on the red back (see top left on each page) has a religious background. The cross represents the cross, Jesus was put on, the red color represents his blood.
Each arm of the cross has to be of the same size and must be 1/6 longer than wide.
國徽: 為盾徽。圖案與顏色與國旗相同。
國花:火絨草
國石:小晶 There are no such things as a national motto, a national flower or a national animal. However, some cantons do have a motto or an animal.
The "Edelweiss" has the status of an inoffical national flower.
國家政要:聯邦主席(國家元首)莫里茨·洛伊恩貝格,2006年1月1日就任,任期一年。
自然地理:面積41284平方公里。是位於歐州中部的內陸國家,東鄰奧地利和列支敦斯登,南面與義大利為鄰,西面與法國接壤,北部與德國交界。全國地勢高峻,分為西北部的汝拉山、南部的阿爾卑斯山和中部瑞士高原三個自然地形區,平均海拔約1350米。主要河流有萊茵河、羅訥河。湖泊眾多,有1484個,最大的日內瓦湖(萊芒湖)面積約581平方公里。地屬北溫帶,受海洋性氣候和大陸性氣候交替影響,氣候變化較大。
人口:709萬人(1997年)。其中外籍人佔19.4%。官方語言為德、法和義大利語。居民中講德語的佔63.6%,法語佔19.2%,義大利語佔7.6%,拉丁羅曼語0.6%,其他語言9%。信奉基督教居民佔44%,信奉天主教的佔48%,信奉其他宗教的佔5%。
首都:伯爾尼 (Bern)
The capital of Switzerland is Bern City, also the capital of the canton Bern.
Administrative divisions:
Switzerland is broken up into the following administrative divisions ("top down"):
Eidgenossenschaft:
The Eidgenossenschaft (confederation) consists of the following authorities:
Bundesversammlung ("federal assembly"), legislative authority:
The federal assembly or parliament meets in the Bundeshaus in Bern and consists of two houses or Kammern (chambers):
Ständerat: also called the kleine Kammer ("small chamber") with two representatives of each canton, or one representative of each split-canton, regardless of the size of the population of the canton.
Nationalrat: also called the grosse Kammer ("large chamber") with 200 representatives. the number of representatives is proportional to the population of the cantons, but there is at least one representative of a canton.
Bundesrat, executive authority:
The Bundesrat consists of seven members, elected by the Vereinigte Bundesversammlung, a combined assembly of both chambers. Elections take place every four years. The president of the Bundesrat, called Bundespräsident / Bundespräsidentin, changes every year. The seven Bundesräte / Bundesrätinnen head the following departments (Departement):
Foreign Affairs (für auswärtige Angelegenheiten)
Home Affairs (des Innern)
Justice and Police (Justiz- und Polizei-)
Defence, Civil Protection and Sports (für Verteidigung, Bevölkerungsschutz und Sport)
Finance (Finanz-)
Economic Affairs (Volkswirtschafts-)
Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation)
Bundesgericht ("federal court"), judicial authority:
The federal court in Lausanne, VD is the highest court in the country. It protects the constitutional rights of the Swiss citizens against arbitrariness of the authorities and administration.
The ties of the confederation are defined in the Bundesverfassung ("federal constitution") and include:
Protection of the country and its citizens
Postal services, telephone and telecommunications (PTT)
Monetary system (Nationalbank, "national bank")
Transportation (Nationalstrassen (motor ways), railway)
Military
Customs
Diplomatic relations with other countries
People can take direct influence by two means:
Initiative: 100'000 citizens can request a voting about a change or extension of the Bundesverfassung ("constitution") or the Bundesgesetzt ("federal law").
Referenm: If the Bundesrat wants to change or extend the Bundesverfassung ("constitution") or the Bundesgesetz ("federal law"), 50'000 citizens can request a voting about it.
Kantone:
Switzerland consists of 23 Kantone (singular Kanton, cantons or states), 3 of them are divided into Halb-Kantone ("split states") with the following authorities:
Grosser Rat, Kantonsrat or Landesrat(the name varies between the cantons), legislative authority
Kantonsregierung, executive authority
Kantonsgericht, judicial authority
The cantons Appenzell, Glarus and Unterwalden do not perform elections and voting, but a so called Landsgemeinde, an out door assembly of all its citizens. The attendees raise their hands to show if they agree with or deny a particular request.
The ties of the cantons are defined in their Kantonsverfassung ("cantonal constitution") and include:
Ecation
Transportation (Kantonsstrassen, "cantonal roads"))
Social institutions
This is a list of all cantons in the so called "official order":
簡史:公元3世紀阿勒曼尼人(日耳曼民族)遷入瑞士東部和北部,勃艮第人遷入西部並建立了第一個勃艮策王朝。公元11世紀受神聖羅馬帝國的統治。1648年擺脫神聖羅馬帝國的統治,宣布獨立,奉行中立政策,1798年,拿破崙一世侵吞瑞士,將其改為「海爾維第共和國」。1803年,瑞士恢復聯邦。1815年,維也納會議確認瑞士為永久中立國,1848年瑞士制定新憲法,設立聯邦委員會,從此成為統一的聯邦制國家。在兩次世界大戰中,瑞士均保持中立。瑞士自1948年起一直是聯合國的觀察員國。在2002年3月舉行的全民公決中,54.6%的瑞士選民和瑞士23個州中的12個州贊成瑞士加入聯合國。2002年9月10日,第57屆聯合國大會一致通過決議,正式接納瑞士聯邦為聯合國新的會員國。
政治:瑞士是聯邦制國家,各州為主權州,有自己的憲法。聯邦委員會是國家最高行政機構。聯邦議會由具有同等許可權的國民院和聯邦院組成,是聯邦的立法機構。只有兩院取得一致,法律或決議才能生效。聯邦委員會是國家最高行政機構,聯邦委員會主席為瑞士聯邦主席,是國家元首兼政府首腦。任期一年,不得連任。根據憲法規定,瑞士實行「公民表決」(即公民投票)和「公民倡議」形式的直接民主。凡修改憲法條款、簽訂期限為15年以上的國際條約或加入重要國際組織,必須經過公民表決並由各州通過後方能生效。
軍事:瑞士實行全民兵役制度,18歲至42歲的健康男子每隔兩年必須抽出3個星期時間到軍隊服役,服役人員也可選擇一次性服役。男子的總服役時間為260天,女性有與男性同樣的權利,可以持槍參加各項軍事任務。瑞士軍隊有22萬(包括8萬名預備役人員和2萬名新兵學員),職能為國防與防範恐怖主義。瑞士將啟動軍隊改革計劃>>>
外交:瑞士為「永久中立國」,奉行積極的中立政策。「普遍性」、「善良服務」和「國際合作」是構成其外交政策的三要素。2005年6月,瑞士公民表決批准加入《申根協定》。 《申根協定》
與中國關系:1950年9月14日,瑞士與中國建交,並互派公使。1956年1月和1957年4月中瑞各自將公使館升格為大使館。2003年11月,瑞士聯邦主席帕斯卡爾·庫什潘對中國進行工作訪問。
⑵ 全球通史英文版txt(沒有txt,pdf也行)
這套書在新浪愛問資料共享里有,你自己去下吧,很多冊,而且文件很大的。
⑶ 求《全球通史》未刪節英文版的pdf,好了加分!
我花400多元買到了,打算印點給同學。這幾天在問誰要,我估計一下印的數量。你要的話找我、、美國印的第六版精裝本。QQ群230897151
⑷ 求a global history(全球通史)英文版pdf電子書,只要英文版的,中文版已經有了
把中文版的翻譯一下
⑸ 誰能寫美國歷史簡介(英文版)
美國歷史介紹(中英雙語):
美國 [United States]正式名稱美利堅合眾國。
北美洲聯邦共和國。領土包括美洲大陸中緯度地區48個連成一片的州、北美洲西北端的阿拉斯加州,以及太平洋中部的島州夏威夷。面積:(包括五大湖)9,529,063平方千米。人口:約286,067,000(2001)。首都:華盛頓特區。人口包括白人、非洲裔美國人、西班牙裔美國人、亞洲人、太平洋島民、美洲印第安人(美洲土著)、愛斯基摩人及阿留申人。語言:英語(主要語言)、西班牙語。宗教:新教、天主教、猶太教和伊斯蘭教。貨幣:美元。地形由山脈、平原、低地和沙漠構成。山脈包括阿巴拉契亞山脈、歐扎克山、落基山脈、喀斯喀特山脈和內華達山脈。最低點是加利福尼亞州的死谷。最高點是阿拉斯加山脈的麥金利山,而在美國本土,最高點則是惠特尼山。主要河流是密西西比河系、科羅拉多河、哥倫比亞河和格蘭德河。五大湖、大鹽湖和奧基喬比湖為幾個最大的湖。美國是世界某些礦產的主要生產國,包括銅、銀、鋅、金、煤、石油和天然氣;也是食品的主要輸出國。製造業包括鋼鐵產品、化學製品、電子產品和紡織品。其他重要行業為旅遊業、奶製品業、畜牧業、漁業和木材加工業。美國是兩院制共和國。總統為國家元首和政府首腦。數千年以前已有一些美洲印第安人定居在這塊領土,他們可能是來自亞洲。16世紀歐洲人來此探險和定居,開始取代印第安人。第一個歐洲人永久居民點是由西班牙人於1565年在佛羅里達州建立的聖奧古斯丁,後來英國人在弗吉尼亞州詹姆斯敦(1607)、馬薩諸塞州普里茅斯(1620)、馬里蘭州(1634)和賓夕法尼亞州(1681)建立定居點。在卡羅來納被授予英國貴族一年後,1664年英國人從荷蘭人手中奪走紐約、新澤西和德拉瓦。英國人於1763年擊敗法國人(參閱法英北美殖民地爭奪戰[French and Indian War]),在政治上控制了13個殖民地。英國殖民政策引起的政治動亂,以美國獨立戰爭(1775~1783)和《獨立宣言》(1776)而告結束。美國在《邦聯條例》(1781)下首次組織起來,終於通過憲法(1787)成為聯邦共和國。隨後確認了西至密西西比河的美國疆界,但並不包括西班牙的屬地佛羅里達。通過1803年的路易斯安那購地,美國從法國人手中購得的土地使美國領土幾乎增加一倍。美國在1812年戰爭中與英國開戰,1819年從西班牙人手中奪得佛羅里達。1830年通過立法手段將美洲印第安人遷移到密西西比河以西的土地。19世紀中葉開始向西部擴張,特別是1848年在加利福尼亞州發現金礦以後(參閱淘金熱[gold rush])。美國在墨西哥戰爭(1846~1848)中取得的勝利,使後來的7個州(包括加利福尼亞和得克薩斯)的部分或全部領土並入美國。1846年美國與英國簽訂條約確立其西北部疆界,在1853年加茲登購地中又獲得亞利桑那州南部的土地。後來南方蓄奴的種植園經濟和北方自由的工業與農業經濟之間存在的矛盾沖突使美國分裂,爆發了南北戰爭(1861~1865,參閱美國南北戰爭[American Civil War])。第十三條憲法修正案廢除了奴隸制。重建時期(1865~1877)以後,美國經歷了快速發展、都市化、工業開發和歐洲移民。1877年美國准許把印第安人保留地的土地分給個別部落成員,致使大片土地落入白人手中。到19世紀末,美國的外貿得到發展並獲得海外領土,包括阿拉斯加、中途島、夏威夷群島、菲律賓群島、波多黎各、關島、威克島、美屬薩摩亞、巴拿馬運河區和維爾京群島。1917~1918年美國參加了第一次世界大戰。1920年給予婦女選舉權;1924年給予美洲印第安人公民權。1929年的股市崩潰導致大蕭條。日本人偷襲珍珠港(1941-12-07)之後美國加入第二次世界大戰。美國在日本廣島投下第一顆原子彈(1945-08-06),在長崎投下第二顆原子彈(1945-08-09),導致這場戰爭結束,並使美國成為西方世界的領袖。美國參與了歐洲和日本的戰後重建工作,但卻陷入與蘇聯長達40年的冷戰對抗。美國參加了朝鮮戰爭。1952年給予波多黎各自治地位。1954年宣布在美國學校中實行的種族隔離違反了美國憲法。1959年阿拉斯加和夏威夷成為美國的兩個州。1964年國會通過《民權法》,並授權全面干預越南戰爭。20世紀60年代中至末期美國國內各地發生騷亂,包括種族暴亂和反戰示威。1969年美國完成首次人類登陸月球。1973年美軍全部撤出越南。在波斯灣戰爭(1991)中,美國領導聯軍攻打伊拉克。1992年派兵到索馬里救援飢民。1995年和1999年加入北大西洋公約組織空襲前南斯拉夫的塞爾維亞軍隊。1998年W.J.柯林頓總統成為第二個要被美國眾議院彈劾的總統;1999年他被參議院宣布無罪。1999年巴拿馬運河的管理移交給了巴拿馬。2000年G.W.布希成為1888年以來盡管獲得的選票略低於對手A.戈爾,但仍被總統選舉團選為總統的第一人。2001年9月11日恐怖分子的攻擊摧毀了世界貿易中心和五角大樓的部分建築以後,美國以藏匿並拒絕引渡此次恐怖活動的策劃嫌疑本·拉登為由,派兵向阿富汗的塔利班政府發動進攻。
United States
officially United States of America
Federal republic, North America.
It comprises 48 contiguous states occupying the mid-continent, Alaska at the northwestern extreme of North America, and the island state of Hawaii in the mid-Pacific Ocean. Area, including the U.S. share of the Great Lakes: 3,675,031 sq mi (9,518,287 sq km). Population (2002 est.): 287,602,000. Capital: Washington, D.C. The population includes people of European and Middle Eastern ancestry, African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians (Native Americans), and Alaska Natives. Languages: English (predominant), Spanish. Religions: Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Judaism, Islam. Currency: U.S. dollar. The country's regions encompass mountains, plains, lowlands, and deserts. Mountain ranges include the Appalachians, Ozarks, Rockies, Cascades, and Sierra Nevada. The lowest point is Death Valley, Calif. The highest point is Alaska's Mount McKinley; within the coterminous U.S. it is Mount Whitney, Calif. Chief rivers are the Mississippi system, the Colorado, the Columbia, and the Rio Grande. The Great Lakes, the Great Salt Lake, and Lake Okeechobee are the largest lakes. The U.S. is among the world's leading procers of several minerals, including copper, silver, zinc, gold, coal, petroleum, and natural gas; it is the chief exporter of food. Its manufactures include iron and steel, chemicals, electronic equipment, and textiles. Other important instries are tourism, dairying, livestock raising, fishing, and lumbering. The U.S. is a republic with two legislative houses; its head of state and government is the president. The territory was originally inhabited for several thousand years by numerous American Indian peoples who had probably emigrated from Asia. European exploration and settlement from the 16th century began displacement of the Indians. The first permanent European settlement, by the Spanish, was at Saint Augustine, Fla., in 1565; the British settled Jamestown, Va. (1607); Plymouth, Mass. (1620); Maryland (1634); and Pennsylvania (1681). The British took New York, New Jersey, and Delaware from the Dutch in 1664, a year after the Carolinas had been granted to British noblemen. The British defeat of the French in 1763 (see French and Indian War) assured British political control over its 13 colonies. Political unrest caused by British colonial policy culminated in the American Revolution (1775–83) and the Declaration of Independence (1776). The U.S. was first organized under the Articles of Confederation (1781), then finally under the Constitution (1787) as a federal republic. Boundaries extended west to the Mississippi River, excluding Spanish Florida. Land acquired from France by the Louisiana Purchase (1803) nearly doubled the country's territory. The U.S. fought the War of 1812 against the British and acquired Florida from Spain in 1819. In 1830 it legalized removal of American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River. Settlement expanded into the Far West in the mid-19th century, especially after the discovery of gold in California in 1848 (see gold rush). Victory in the Mexican War (1846–48) brought the territory of seven more future states (including California and Texas) into U.S. hands. The northwestern boundary was established by treaty with Great Britain in 1846. The U.S. acquired southern Arizona by the Gadsden Purchase (1853). It suffered disunity ring the conflict between the slavery-based plantation economy in the South and the free instrial and agricultural economy in the North, culminating in the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery under the 13th Amendment. After Reconstruction (1865–77) the U.S. experienced rapid growth, urbanization, instrial development, and European immigration. In 1877 it authorized allotment of American Indian reservation land to indivial tribesmen, resulting in widespread loss of land to whites. By the end of the 19th century, it had developed foreign trade and acquired outlying territories, including Alaska, Midway Island, the Hawaiian Islands, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, and the Virgin Islands. The U.S. participated in World War I in 1917–18. It granted suffrage to women in 1920 and citizenship to American Indians in 1924. The stock market crash of 1929 led to the Great Depression. The U.S. entered World War II after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941). The explosion by the U.S. of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Aug. 6, 1945) and another on Nagasaki (Aug. 9, 1945), Japan, brought about Japan's surrender. Thereafter the U.S. was the military and economic leader of the Western world. In the first decade after the war, it aided the reconstruction of Europe and Japan and became embroiled in a rivalry with the Soviet Union known as the Cold War. It participated in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. In 1952 it granted autonomous commonwealth status to Puerto Rico. Racial segregation in schools was declared unconstitutional in 1954. Alaska and Hawaii were made states in 1959. In 1964 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act and authorized U.S. entry into the Vietnam War. The mid-to late 1960s were marked by widespread civil disorder, including race riots and antiwar demonstrations. The U.S. accomplished the first manned lunar landing in 1969. All U.S. troops were withdrawn from Vietnam in 1973. The U.S. led a coalition of forces against Iraq in the First Persian Gulf War (1991), sent troops to Somalia (1992) to aid starving populations, and participated in NATO air strikes against Serbian forces in the former Yugoslavia in 1995 and 1999. In 1998 Pres. Bill Clinton became only the second president to be impeached by the House of Representatives; he was acquitted by the Senate in 1999. Administration of the Panama Canal was turned over to Panama in 1999. In 2000 George W. Bush became the first person since 1888 to be elected president by the electoral college despite having won fewer popular votes than his opponent, Al Gore. After the September 11 attacks on the U.S. in 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center and part of the Pentagon, the U.S. attacked Afghanistan's Taliban government for harbouring and refusing to extradite the mastermind of the terrorism, Osama bin Laden.
⑹ 魔獸世界歷史英文版
完整的歷史~ 去暴雪官方網站上看回吧~答
http://www.worldofwarcraft.com/info/story/index.html
⑺ 全世界游戲發展史
上面回答全來是復制自...
1996年 第一代FPS《雷神之錘》 引擎Quake engine 簡稱Q1引擎
2000年 《雷神之錘3》 引擎Quake 3引擎(這是游戲界的一個轉折點,許多游戲都以Q3為基礎開發游戲)
2004年 第一款顯卡殺手《半條命2》(相信你玩過) 是V社研製的Source物理渲染引擎,在那時光陰效果出色,放在現在也不落後
2007年 《使命召喚4》 無盡引擎(一般叫IW引擎) 這個我不解釋了,我是很欣賞這款引擎的
2007年 《戰爭機器》《失落的星球》 虛幻3引擎(也是很經典的一款引擎)
2007年 《孤島危機》 CE3引擎(這個我也不解釋了,是FPS粉都知道的)
2008年 《鬼泣4》 MT Frameworks引擎(雖然是島國的引擎但是我很喜歡)
2013年 《鬼泣:DMC》(新鬼泣) 虛幻3改良版引擎(雖然我不是很想承認)
2014年《使命召喚10》 IW改良版引擎(畫面沒多少變化)
純手打望採納!
噢還有 2014年 《戰地4》 寒霜3引擎(我對這個引擎不是很了解)
⑻ 求《全球通史》(A Global History)英文版的pdf
不能下載要財富值,這個很煩,找本書真麻煩
⑼ 世界盃的起源歷史英文版,