世界歷史英文介紹

㈠ 《世界歷史文化》用英文怎麼說

the history and culture of the world

㈡ 英語介紹 世界歷史/中國歷史

History of China
The recorded history of China began in the 15th century BC when the Shang Dynasty started to use markings that evolved into the present Chinese characters. Turtle shells with markings reminiscent of ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been carbon dated to as early as 1500 BC.[1] Chinese civilization originated with city-states in the Yellow River (Huang He) valley. 221 BC is commonly accepted to be the year in which China became unified under a large kingdom or empire. In that year, Qin Shi Huang first united China. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to control increasingly larger territory that reached maximum under the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty and Manchurian Qing Dynasty.

The conventional view of Chinese history is that of a country alternating between periods of political unity and disunity and occasionally becoming dominated by foreign peoples, most of whom were assimilated into the Han Chinese population. Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, expansion, and assimilation, merged to create the Chinese culture.
參考資料：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_China

Ancient history is the study of the written past from the beginning of human history until the Early Middle Ages[1] in Europe, the Qin Dynasty in China, the Chola Empire in India, and some less defined point in the rest of the world (for example, in the Americas). (The period following antiquity is the Imperial era in China and the period of the Middle Kingdoms in India; one might consider the end of antiquity in the Americas to be the start of the colonization of the Americas.) The goal of the modern day critical ancient historian is objectivity. The term classical antiquity is often used to refer to ancient history since the beginning of recorded Greek history in about 776 BC (First Olympiad). This coincides, roughly, with the traditional date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC, the beginning of the history of ancient Rome.

Although the ending date of ancient history is disputed, currently most Western scholars use the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, the death of the emperor Justinian I or the coming of Islam in 632 as the end of ancient European history. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 – 5,500 years, with Sumerian cuneiform being the oldest form of writing discovered so far. This is the beginning of history by the definition used by most historians.

㈢ 世界歷史類書籍中英文對照 介紹幾本

不能看中國抄和外國的襲歷史教科書中的古代部分，中國歷史題目也是大多騙人的，特別是東晉十六國和所謂北朝，五代十國歷史，基本是騙人的！記住冉閔，近代部分關於 國 民 黨 的，外國的都是大量刪除的！請到網路上和圖書館看真實的歷史，實在不會就用網路搜索和維基。
英國的歷史書可以看點

㈣ 世界歷史的英文

world history

㈤ 求一篇關於世界歷史的介紹----英文的~~！！

One hour long, the test consists of 95 multiple-choice questions, covering the entire history of the world, from ancient times to the present, including all inhabitable continents. It also covers all historical fields: political and diplomat intellectual and cultural, and social and economic.

Chronological Material
Pre-history and Civilizations to the year 500 Common Era (C.E.) 25%
500 to 1500 C.E. 20%
1500-1900 C.E. 25%
Post-1900 C.E. 20%
Cross-chronological 10%

Geographical Material Covered Approximate
Europe 25%
Africa 10%
Southwest Asia 10%
South and Southeast Asia 10%
East Asia 10%
The Americas (excluding the United States) 10%
Global or Comparative 25 %

㈥ 英語的歷史介紹

英語的歷史從1500多年前的北歐開始。
在公元5世紀左右，稱為天使、撒克遜和黃麻的人們的部落從德國和丹麥旅行向西過北海。
他們遷入英國，並且在7世紀末以前，他們講早期的形式英語。
在8世紀末，斯堪的那維亞人攻佔英國。
戰爭持續了將近200年。
在這個時期，很多拉丁語、丹麥和古斯堪的那維亞的單詞融入英語。
象炊具和杯子與生活息息相關一樣，拉丁語給了英語很多單詞。
從丹麥語和古斯堪的那維亞語中，英國人借鑒過來了皮膚、腿、以及各種詞格的代詞「他們」、「他們的」。
來自古斯堪的那維亞語的很多同義詞統一到英語中，例如，憤怒(英語的wrath和古斯堪的那維亞語的anger)；生病(英語的sick和古斯堪的那維亞語的ill)，都在英語中進行了統一。
1066年，諾曼人征服英國。
法語成為富人的語言和強有力的象徵，但窮人主要講英語。
在14世紀末，英語再次成為第一語言。
到這時，英國人使用的很多詞彙來自法語或者拉丁語，並且許多早期的詞彙已經不復存在。
到了第16和17世紀，人們對古典作品感興趣。
在這個時期，來自拉丁語和希臘語的詞彙被歸入英語。
許多詞彙或者單詞的組成部分，從那些語言被用現代英語引進使用。
今天，英語有來自大多數世界性語言的泊來單詞。
你或許能找到英語使用的某個詞彙是最先來自你的母語。

㈦ 誰能寫美國歷史簡介(英文版)

美國歷史介紹（中英雙語）：

美國 [United States]正式名稱美利堅合眾國。

北美洲聯邦共和國。領土包括美洲大陸中緯度地區48個連成一片的州、北美洲西北端的阿拉斯加州，以及太平洋中部的島州夏威夷。面積：(包括五大湖)9,529,063平方千米。人口：約286,067,000(2001)。首都：華盛頓特區。人口包括白人、非洲裔美國人、西班牙裔美國人、亞洲人、太平洋島民、美洲印第安人(美洲土著)、愛斯基摩人及阿留申人。語言：英語(主要語言)、西班牙語。宗教：新教、天主教、猶太教和伊斯蘭教。貨幣：美元。地形由山脈、平原、低地和沙漠構成。山脈包括阿巴拉契亞山脈、歐扎克山、落基山脈、喀斯喀特山脈和內華達山脈。最低點是加利福尼亞州的死谷。最高點是阿拉斯加山脈的麥金利山，而在美國本土，最高點則是惠特尼山。主要河流是密西西比河系、科羅拉多河、哥倫比亞河和格蘭德河。五大湖、大鹽湖和奧基喬比湖為幾個最大的湖。美國是世界某些礦產的主要生產國，包括銅、銀、鋅、金、煤、石油和天然氣；也是食品的主要輸出國。製造業包括鋼鐵產品、化學製品、電子產品和紡織品。其他重要行業為旅遊業、奶製品業、畜牧業、漁業和木材加工業。美國是兩院制共和國。總統為國家元首和政府首腦。數千年以前已有一些美洲印第安人定居在這塊領土，他們可能是來自亞洲。16世紀歐洲人來此探險和定居，開始取代印第安人。第一個歐洲人永久居民點是由西班牙人於1565年在佛羅里達州建立的聖奧古斯丁，後來英國人在弗吉尼亞州詹姆斯敦(1607)、馬薩諸塞州普里茅斯(1620)、馬里蘭州(1634)和賓夕法尼亞州(1681)建立定居點。在卡羅來納被授予英國貴族一年後，1664年英國人從荷蘭人手中奪走紐約、新澤西和德拉瓦。英國人於1763年擊敗法國人(參閱法英北美殖民地爭奪戰[French and Indian War])，在政治上控制了13個殖民地。英國殖民政策引起的政治動亂，以美國獨立戰爭(1775～1783)和《獨立宣言》(1776)而告結束。美國在《邦聯條例》(1781)下首次組織起來，終於通過憲法(1787)成為聯邦共和國。隨後確認了西至密西西比河的美國疆界，但並不包括西班牙的屬地佛羅里達。通過1803年的路易斯安那購地，美國從法國人手中購得的土地使美國領土幾乎增加一倍。美國在1812年戰爭中與英國開戰，1819年從西班牙人手中奪得佛羅里達。1830年通過立法手段將美洲印第安人遷移到密西西比河以西的土地。19世紀中葉開始向西部擴張，特別是1848年在加利福尼亞州發現金礦以後(參閱淘金熱[gold rush])。美國在墨西哥戰爭(1846～1848)中取得的勝利，使後來的7個州(包括加利福尼亞和得克薩斯)的部分或全部領土並入美國。1846年美國與英國簽訂條約確立其西北部疆界，在1853年加茲登購地中又獲得亞利桑那州南部的土地。後來南方蓄奴的種植園經濟和北方自由的工業與農業經濟之間存在的矛盾沖突使美國分裂，爆發了南北戰爭(1861～1865，參閱美國南北戰爭[American Civil War])。第十三條憲法修正案廢除了奴隸制。重建時期(1865～1877)以後，美國經歷了快速發展、都市化、工業開發和歐洲移民。1877年美國准許把印第安人保留地的土地分給個別部落成員，致使大片土地落入白人手中。到19世紀末，美國的外貿得到發展並獲得海外領土，包括阿拉斯加、中途島、夏威夷群島、菲律賓群島、波多黎各、關島、威克島、美屬薩摩亞、巴拿馬運河區和維爾京群島。1917～1918年美國參加了第一次世界大戰。1920年給予婦女選舉權；1924年給予美洲印第安人公民權。1929年的股市崩潰導致大蕭條。日本人偷襲珍珠港(1941-12-07)之後美國加入第二次世界大戰。美國在日本廣島投下第一顆原子彈(1945-08-06)，在長崎投下第二顆原子彈(1945-08-09)，導致這場戰爭結束，並使美國成為西方世界的領袖。美國參與了歐洲和日本的戰後重建工作，但卻陷入與蘇聯長達40年的冷戰對抗。美國參加了朝鮮戰爭。1952年給予波多黎各自治地位。1954年宣布在美國學校中實行的種族隔離違反了美國憲法。1959年阿拉斯加和夏威夷成為美國的兩個州。1964年國會通過《民權法》，並授權全面干預越南戰爭。20世紀60年代中至末期美國國內各地發生騷亂，包括種族暴亂和反戰示威。1969年美國完成首次人類登陸月球。1973年美軍全部撤出越南。在波斯灣戰爭(1991)中，美國領導聯軍攻打伊拉克。1992年派兵到索馬里救援飢民。1995年和1999年加入北大西洋公約組織空襲前南斯拉夫的塞爾維亞軍隊。1998年W.J.柯林頓總統成為第二個要被美國眾議院彈劾的總統；1999年他被參議院宣布無罪。1999年巴拿馬運河的管理移交給了巴拿馬。2000年G.W.布希成為1888年以來盡管獲得的選票略低於對手A.戈爾，但仍被總統選舉團選為總統的第一人。2001年9月11日恐怖分子的攻擊摧毀了世界貿易中心和五角大樓的部分建築以後，美國以藏匿並拒絕引渡此次恐怖活動的策劃嫌疑本·拉登為由，派兵向阿富汗的塔利班政府發動進攻。

United States
officially United States of America
Federal republic, North America.
It comprises 48 contiguous states occupying the mid-continent, Alaska at the northwestern extreme of North America, and the island state of Hawaii in the mid-Pacific Ocean. Area, including the U.S. share of the Great Lakes: 3,675,031 sq mi (9,518,287 sq km). Population (2002 est.): 287,602,000. Capital: Washington, D.C. The population includes people of European and Middle Eastern ancestry, African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians (Native Americans), and Alaska Natives. Languages: English (predominant), Spanish. Religions: Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Judaism, Islam. Currency: U.S. dollar. The country's regions encompass mountains, plains, lowlands, and deserts. Mountain ranges include the Appalachians, Ozarks, Rockies, Cascades, and Sierra Nevada. The lowest point is Death Valley, Calif. The highest point is Alaska's Mount McKinley; within the coterminous U.S. it is Mount Whitney, Calif. Chief rivers are the Mississippi system, the Colorado, the Columbia, and the Rio Grande. The Great Lakes, the Great Salt Lake, and Lake Okeechobee are the largest lakes. The U.S. is among the world's leading procers of several minerals, including copper, silver, zinc, gold, coal, petroleum, and natural gas; it is the chief exporter of food. Its manufactures include iron and steel, chemicals, electronic equipment, and textiles. Other important instries are tourism, dairying, livestock raising, fishing, and lumbering. The U.S. is a republic with two legislative houses; its head of state and government is the president. The territory was originally inhabited for several thousand years by numerous American Indian peoples who had probably emigrated from Asia. European exploration and settlement from the 16th century began displacement of the Indians. The first permanent European settlement, by the Spanish, was at Saint Augustine, Fla., in 1565; the British settled Jamestown, Va. (1607); Plymouth, Mass. (1620); Maryland (1634); and Pennsylvania (1681). The British took New York, New Jersey, and Delaware from the Dutch in 1664, a year after the Carolinas had been granted to British noblemen. The British defeat of the French in 1763 (see French and Indian War) assured British political control over its 13 colonies. Political unrest caused by British colonial policy culminated in the American Revolution (1775–83) and the Declaration of Independence (1776). The U.S. was first organized under the Articles of Confederation (1781), then finally under the Constitution (1787) as a federal republic. Boundaries extended west to the Mississippi River, excluding Spanish Florida. Land acquired from France by the Louisiana Purchase (1803) nearly doubled the country's territory. The U.S. fought the War of 1812 against the British and acquired Florida from Spain in 1819. In 1830 it legalized removal of American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River. Settlement expanded into the Far West in the mid-19th century, especially after the discovery of gold in California in 1848 (see gold rush). Victory in the Mexican War (1846–48) brought the territory of seven more future states (including California and Texas) into U.S. hands. The northwestern boundary was established by treaty with Great Britain in 1846. The U.S. acquired southern Arizona by the Gadsden Purchase (1853). It suffered disunity ring the conflict between the slavery-based plantation economy in the South and the free instrial and agricultural economy in the North, culminating in the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery under the 13th Amendment. After Reconstruction (1865–77) the U.S. experienced rapid growth, urbanization, instrial development, and European immigration. In 1877 it authorized allotment of American Indian reservation land to indivial tribesmen, resulting in widespread loss of land to whites. By the end of the 19th century, it had developed foreign trade and acquired outlying territories, including Alaska, Midway Island, the Hawaiian Islands, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, and the Virgin Islands. The U.S. participated in World War I in 1917–18. It granted suffrage to women in 1920 and citizenship to American Indians in 1924. The stock market crash of 1929 led to the Great Depression. The U.S. entered World War II after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941). The explosion by the U.S. of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Aug. 6, 1945) and another on Nagasaki (Aug. 9, 1945), Japan, brought about Japan's surrender. Thereafter the U.S. was the military and economic leader of the Western world. In the first decade after the war, it aided the reconstruction of Europe and Japan and became embroiled in a rivalry with the Soviet Union known as the Cold War. It participated in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. In 1952 it granted autonomous commonwealth status to Puerto Rico. Racial segregation in schools was declared unconstitutional in 1954. Alaska and Hawaii were made states in 1959. In 1964 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act and authorized U.S. entry into the Vietnam War. The mid-to late 1960s were marked by widespread civil disorder, including race riots and antiwar demonstrations. The U.S. accomplished the first manned lunar landing in 1969. All U.S. troops were withdrawn from Vietnam in 1973. The U.S. led a coalition of forces against Iraq in the First Persian Gulf War (1991), sent troops to Somalia (1992) to aid starving populations, and participated in NATO air strikes against Serbian forces in the former Yugoslavia in 1995 and 1999. In 1998 Pres. Bill Clinton became only the second president to be impeached by the House of Representatives; he was acquitted by the Senate in 1999. Administration of the Panama Canal was turned over to Panama in 1999. In 2000 George W. Bush became the first person since 1888 to be elected president by the electoral college despite having won fewer popular votes than his opponent, Al Gore. After the September 11 attacks on the U.S. in 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center and part of the Pentagon, the U.S. attacked Afghanistan's Taliban government for harbouring and refusing to extradite the mastermind of the terrorism, Osama bin Laden.

㈧ 巴黎歷史英文簡介

英漢對照

Paris

City (pop., 1999: 2,125,246; metro. area, 9,644,507), river port, capital of France.

It is now located on both banks of the Seine River. The original settlement from which Paris evolved, Lutetia, was in existence by the late 3rd century BC on an island in the Seine. Lutetia was captured and fortified by the Romans in 52 BC. During the 1st century AD the city spread to the left bank of the Seine. By the early 4th century it was known as Paris. It withstood several Viking sieges (885–87) and became the capital of France in 987, when Hugh Capet, the count of Paris, became king. The city was improved ring the reign of Philip II, who formally recognized the University of Paris с 1200. In the 14th–15th centuries its development was hindered by the Black Death and the Hundred Years' War. In the 17th–18th centuries it was improved and beautified. Leading events of the French Revolution took place in Paris (1789–99). Napoleon III commissioned Georges-Eugène Haussmann to modernize the city's infrastructure and add several new bridges over the Seine. The city was the site of the Paris Peace Conference, which ended World War I. During World War II Paris was occupied by German troops. It is now the financial, commercial, transportation, artistic, and intellectual centre of France. The city's many attractions include the Eiffel Tower, Notre-Dame de Paris, the Louvre, the Panthéon, Pompidou Centre, and the Paris Opera, as well as boulevards, public parks, and gardens.

巴黎 Paris

法國城市、河港和首都。跨塞納河兩岸。魯特提亞是最原始的居民點，位於塞納河中一座島嶼，在公元前3世紀末就已存在。公元前52年羅馬人奪占此地，並構築要塞。公元1世紀時，該城已發展到塞納河左岸。到了4世紀初，這里已被稱作巴黎。885～887年抵擋住了幾次維京人的圍攻，987年巴黎伯爵於格·卡佩當上國王，巴黎成為法蘭西的首都。腓力二世位期間，巴黎得到大規模發展，國王在1200年左右正式批准巴黎大學成立。14～15世紀時，因為黑死病和百年戰爭巴黎的發展受阻。17～18世紀城市有了進一步的改善並得到美化。1789～1799年法國大革命就是從這里開始的。拿破崙三世時，他命令奧斯曼把整個城市結構現代化，並在塞納河上搭建幾座新橋。第一次世界大戰結束後，這里是召開巴黎和會的地方。第二次世界大戰期間遭德軍佔領。現為法國的金融、商業、交通、藝術和學術中心。城內的許多景點包括埃菲爾鐵塔、巴黎聖母院、盧浮宮博物館、先賢祠、篷皮杜中心、巴黎歌劇院，以及一些林陰大道、公園和花園。

㈨ 求英文介紹英國歷史100字左右

1、英文

British history began in Germanic and Celtic, and later in England, Wales and Scotland. Its origin can be traced back to Roman rule.

Britain is called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It consists of Northern Ireland and the whole history of Britain is made up of the interweaving of the four regions.

Wales became part of the Kingdom of England in 1535. The defeat of the Spanish Invincible Fleet in 1588 by the Naval Battle of Gravoline frustrated the invasion of foreign Catholic forces.

basically eliminating the threat of Catholicism and consolidating the achievements of religious reform.

In 1640, Britain broke out the first bourgeois revolution in the world and became the pioneer of the bourgeois revolution. The Republic was proclaimed on 19 May 1649.

The restoration of the dynasty in 1660 and the "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 established the constitutional monarchy.

In 1707, England merged with Scotland. Through the Seven Years'War, Britain laid the foundation of the Sunset Empire and gained the hegemony of the sea.

It was merged with Ireland in 1801. After the Napoleonic War, Britain completed the imperial hegemony of the Sunset Empire.

From the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, it became the first country in the world to complete the instrial revolution.

The nineteenth century was the heyday of the British Empire. The colonies occupied in 1914 were 111 times larger than those in the mainland.

They were the first colonial power and claimed to be the "Sunset Empire".

In 1922, the Republic of Ireland became independent, and Northern Ireland remained in the United Kingdom, that is, Northern Ireland today.

2、中文

英國歷史始於日耳曼人與凱爾特人，亦是後來的英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭，其源頭可追溯到羅馬統治時期。

英國全稱為大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國，由和北愛爾蘭組成，而整個英國的歷史也就是由這四個區域的歷史交織組成。

1535年威爾士成為英格蘭王國的一部分，1588年格拉沃利訥海戰打敗西班牙無敵艦隊使英國挫敗了國外天主教勢力的入侵，基本消除了天主教的威脅，鞏固了宗教改革的成果。

1640年英國在全球第一個爆發資產階級革命，成為資產階級革命的先驅。1649年5月19日宣布成立共和國。1660年王朝復辟，1688年發生「光榮革命」，確立了君主立憲制。

1707年英格蘭與蘇格蘭合並，通過七年戰爭英國奠定日不落帝國的基礎，並獲取了海上霸主。

1801年又與愛爾蘭合並。拿破崙戰爭後英國完成了日不落帝國的霸業。18世紀後半葉至19世紀上半葉，成為世界上第一個完成工業革命的國家。

19世紀是大英帝國的全盛時期，1914年佔有的殖民地比本土大111倍，是第一殖民大國，自稱「日不落帝國」。

1922年愛爾蘭共和國獨立，愛爾蘭北部仍留在聯合王國內，即是今天的北愛爾蘭。

(9)世界歷史英文介紹擴展閱讀：

英國歷史大事：

1、英西戰爭

英西戰爭（英語：Anglo-Spanish War；西班牙語：Guerra anglo-española）（1585年–1604年）指西班牙帝國與英格蘭王國之間未經正式宣戰的間歇性沖突。

英西戰爭由多場大范圍戰役組成，起於1585年英國與荷蘭簽訂楠薩奇條約，擁護荷蘭抵抗西班牙帝國的統治。

1587年英國於加的斯率先奪勝，翌年於1588年格拉沃利訥海戰擊退西班牙無敵艦隊，但1589年科倫納·里斯本遠征敗北後情勢逆轉，西班牙在弗洛雷斯海戰重振海軍實力。

而英國分別在以後的1595-1596年西印度群島遠征和1597年的埃塞克斯-羅利遠征決定性失敗。西班牙先後在1596年和1597年派遣兩支無敵艦隊趁勝追擊，但在惡劣的氣候下遭挫。

無敵艦隊戰敗後的十年間，西班牙加強了海軍實力，對後來南美洲貴重金屬的運輸影響深遠。而戰爭在1590年代走入僵局。

1602年英國與荷蘭通過多佛海峽海戰一度獲取英吉利海峽乃至歐洲西部海域的主導權並持續兩年。

1601-1604年西班牙進行了人類史上較為殘酷、血腥的奧斯坦德之圍，經過三年的圍攻，英荷聯軍最終投降，西班牙軍隊拿下了這座城堡，使英荷西三方都想結束戰爭，回到和平。

1604年由腓力三世與新任英格蘭國王詹姆斯一世代表簽訂倫敦條約後畫下句點。西英協議分別停止對愛爾蘭與尼德蘭的軍事介入，且英方放棄在公海上的劫掠行為。

締約兩方皆有達成部分目標，戰後西班牙重獲歐洲西部海域優勢。條約整體有利於西班牙。但整起戰爭過程對兩國財政都造成了相當程度的負擔，而英國則進入40年的萎靡期。

2、薔薇戰爭

薔薇戰爭（又稱玫瑰戰爭；英語：Wars of the Roses；1455年─1485年）是英王愛德華三世（1327年-1377年在位）的兩支後裔：蘭開斯特家族和約克家族的支持者為了爭奪英格蘭王位而發生斷續的內戰。

兩大家族都是金雀花王朝王室的分支，約克家族是愛德華三世的第四子的後裔、蘭開斯特家族是愛德華三世的第三子的後裔。

玫瑰戰爭是約克家族的愛德華三世的第五代、第六代繼承人對蘭開斯特家族的愛德華三世的第四代、第五代繼承人的王位戰爭。

「玫瑰戰爭」一名並未使用於當時，而是在16世紀，莎士比亞在歷史劇《亨利六世》中以兩朵玫瑰被拔標志戰爭的開始後才成為普遍用語。

此名稱源於兩個家族所選的家徽，蘭開斯特的紅薔薇Rosa gallica和約克的白薔薇Rosa ×alba。

戰爭最終以蘭開斯特家族的亨利七世與約克的伊麗莎白聯姻為結束，也結束了法國金雀花王朝在英格蘭的統治，開啟了新的威爾士人都鐸王朝的統治。 也標記著在英格蘭中世紀時期的結束並走向新的文藝復興時代。

為了紀念這次戰爭，英格蘭以玫瑰（這里玫瑰實為歐洲古老薔薇）為國花，並把皇室徽章改為紅白薔薇。

參考資料來源：網路——英國歷史

參考資料來源：網路——玫瑰戰爭

參考資料來源：網路——英西戰爭

㈩ 英文版瑞士歷史介紹，最好附上中文，急急急急

國名：瑞士聯邦 (Swiss Confederation)
Switzerland is also known as "Confoederatio Helvetica", therefore the abbreviation CH. "Confoederatio" stands for "confederation", "Helvetica" derives from the Latin word "Helvetier", the name of the people who lived in the area which became later Switzerland.

國慶日：8月1日（1291年）

國旗： 呈正方形。旗地為紅色，正中一個白色十字。瑞士國旗圖案的來歷眾說紛紜，其中有代表性的說法就有四種。至1848年，瑞士制定了新聯邦憲法，正式規定紅地白十字旗為瑞士聯邦國旗。白色象徵和平、公正和光明，紅色象徵著人民的勝利、幸福和熱情；國旗的整組圖案象徵國家的統一。這面國旗在1889曾作過修改，把原來的紅地白十字橫長方形改為正方形，象徵國家在外交上採取的公正和中立的政策。
The white cross on the red back (see top left on each page) has a religious background. The cross represents the cross, Jesus was put on, the red color represents his blood.
Each arm of the cross has to be of the same size and must be 1/6 longer than wide.

國徽： 為盾徽。圖案與顏色與國旗相同。

國花：火絨草

國石：小晶 There are no such things as a national motto, a national flower or a national animal. However, some cantons do have a motto or an animal.
The "Edelweiss" has the status of an inoffical national flower.

國家政要：聯邦主席（國家元首）莫里茨·洛伊恩貝格，2006年1月1日就任，任期一年。
自然地理：面積41284平方公里。是位於歐州中部的內陸國家，東鄰奧地利和列支敦斯登，南面與義大利為鄰，西面與法國接壤，北部與德國交界。全國地勢高峻，分為西北部的汝拉山、南部的阿爾卑斯山和中部瑞士高原三個自然地形區，平均海拔約1350米。主要河流有萊茵河、羅訥河。湖泊眾多，有1484個，最大的日內瓦湖（萊芒湖）面積約581平方公里。地屬北溫帶，受海洋性氣候和大陸性氣候交替影響，氣候變化較大。

人口：709萬人（1997年）。其中外籍人佔19．4％。官方語言為德、法和義大利語。居民中講德語的佔63．6％，法語佔19．2％，義大利語佔7．6％，拉丁羅曼語0．6％，其他語言9％。信奉基督教居民佔44％，信奉天主教的佔48％，信奉其他宗教的佔5％。

首都：伯爾尼 (Bern)

The capital of Switzerland is Bern City, also the capital of the canton Bern.

Administrative divisions:
Switzerland is broken up into the following administrative divisions ("top down"):

Eidgenossenschaft:
The Eidgenossenschaft (confederation) consists of the following authorities:

Bundesversammlung ("federal assembly"), legislative authority:
The federal assembly or parliament meets in the Bundeshaus in Bern and consists of two houses or Kammern (chambers):
Ständerat: also called the kleine Kammer ("small chamber") with two representatives of each canton, or one representative of each split-canton, regardless of the size of the population of the canton.
Nationalrat: also called the grosse Kammer ("large chamber") with 200 representatives. the number of representatives is proportional to the population of the cantons, but there is at least one representative of a canton.
Bundesrat, executive authority:
The Bundesrat consists of seven members, elected by the Vereinigte Bundesversammlung, a combined assembly of both chambers. Elections take place every four years. The president of the Bundesrat, called Bundespräsident / Bundespräsidentin, changes every year. The seven Bundesräte / Bundesrätinnen head the following departments (Departement):
Foreign Affairs (für auswärtige Angelegenheiten)
Home Affairs (des Innern)
Justice and Police (Justiz- und Polizei-)
Defence, Civil Protection and Sports (für Verteidigung, Bevölkerungsschutz und Sport)
Finance (Finanz-)
Economic Affairs (Volkswirtschafts-)
Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation)
Bundesgericht ("federal court"), judicial authority:
The federal court in Lausanne, VD is the highest court in the country. It protects the constitutional rights of the Swiss citizens against arbitrariness of the authorities and administration.
The ties of the confederation are defined in the Bundesverfassung ("federal constitution") and include:

Protection of the country and its citizens
Postal services, telephone and telecommunications (PTT)
Monetary system (Nationalbank, "national bank")
Transportation (Nationalstrassen (motor ways), railway)
Military
Customs
Diplomatic relations with other countries
People can take direct influence by two means:

Initiative: 100'000 citizens can request a voting about a change or extension of the Bundesverfassung ("constitution") or the Bundesgesetzt ("federal law").
Referenm: If the Bundesrat wants to change or extend the Bundesverfassung ("constitution") or the Bundesgesetz ("federal law"), 50'000 citizens can request a voting about it.
Kantone:
Switzerland consists of 23 Kantone (singular Kanton, cantons or states), 3 of them are divided into Halb-Kantone ("split states") with the following authorities:

Grosser Rat, Kantonsrat or Landesrat(the name varies between the cantons), legislative authority
Kantonsregierung, executive authority
Kantonsgericht, judicial authority
The cantons Appenzell, Glarus and Unterwalden do not perform elections and voting, but a so called Landsgemeinde, an out door assembly of all its citizens. The attendees raise their hands to show if they agree with or deny a particular request.

The ties of the cantons are defined in their Kantonsverfassung ("cantonal constitution") and include:

Ecation
Transportation (Kantonsstrassen, "cantonal roads"))
Social institutions
This is a list of all cantons in the so called "official order":

簡史：公元3世紀阿勒曼尼人（日耳曼民族）遷入瑞士東部和北部，勃艮第人遷入西部並建立了第一個勃艮策王朝。公元11世紀受神聖羅馬帝國的統治。1648年擺脫神聖羅馬帝國的統治，宣布獨立，奉行中立政策，1798年，拿破崙一世侵吞瑞士，將其改為「海爾維第共和國」。1803年，瑞士恢復聯邦。1815年,維也納會議確認瑞士為永久中立國，1848年瑞士制定新憲法，設立聯邦委員會，從此成為統一的聯邦制國家。在兩次世界大戰中，瑞士均保持中立。瑞士自1948年起一直是聯合國的觀察員國。在2002年3月舉行的全民公決中，54．6％的瑞士選民和瑞士23個州中的12個州贊成瑞士加入聯合國。2002年9月10日，第57屆聯合國大會一致通過決議，正式接納瑞士聯邦為聯合國新的會員國。

政治：瑞士是聯邦制國家，各州為主權州，有自己的憲法。聯邦委員會是國家最高行政機構。聯邦議會由具有同等許可權的國民院和聯邦院組成，是聯邦的立法機構。只有兩院取得一致，法律或決議才能生效。聯邦委員會是國家最高行政機構，聯邦委員會主席為瑞士聯邦主席，是國家元首兼政府首腦。任期一年，不得連任。根據憲法規定，瑞士實行「公民表決」（即公民投票）和「公民倡議」形式的直接民主。凡修改憲法條款、簽訂期限為15年以上的國際條約或加入重要國際組織，必須經過公民表決並由各州通過後方能生效。
軍事：瑞士實行全民兵役制度，18歲至42歲的健康男子每隔兩年必須抽出3個星期時間到軍隊服役，服役人員也可選擇一次性服役。男子的總服役時間為260天，女性有與男性同樣的權利，可以持槍參加各項軍事任務。瑞士軍隊有22萬（包括8萬名預備役人員和2萬名新兵學員），職能為國防與防範恐怖主義。瑞士將啟動軍隊改革計劃>>>

外交：瑞士為「永久中立國」，奉行積極的中立政策。「普遍性」、「善良服務」和「國際合作」是構成其外交政策的三要素。2005年6月，瑞士公民表決批准加入《申根協定》。 《申根協定》

與中國關系：1950年9月14日，瑞士與中國建交，並互派公使。1956年1月和1957年4月中瑞各自將公使館升格為大使館。2003年11月，瑞士聯邦主席帕斯卡爾·庫什潘對中國進行工作訪問。