英美歷史文化概況英文版翻譯

1. 求英美文化概況論文一篇《英文版》 關於外交 政策 經濟的

獲取論文的幾個主要途徑:
①：圖書館（網上）
圖書館購買了大量的期刊論文數據內庫，容主要是學校圖書館和省級圖書館。
②：在線期刊論文資料庫
比如：萬方，cnki，國家科技文獻中心（nstl）
③：通過搜索引擎搜索
嘗試搜索：免費論文，或者加個filetype:pdf等搜索關鍵詞。
找英文的進外文資料庫更好。
……

2. 誰能寫美國歷史簡介(英文版)

The United States of America is a country of the western hemisphere, comprising fifty states and several territories. Forty-eight contiguous states lie in central North America between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bound on land by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south; Alaska is in the northwest of the continent with Canada to its east, and Hawaii is in the mid-Pacific. The United States is a federal constitutional republic; Washington, its capital, is coextensive with the District of Columbia (D.C.), the federal capital district.

At over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km

3. 誰知道美國文化和歷史——用英語

中文：
歷史
美洲原住民在這塊土地上居住了15,000餘年。歐洲從15世紀末開始殖民美洲。1607年，第一個英格蘭人殖民區成功地在維吉尼亞州建立。接下來二十年裡，一些荷蘭殖民區也陸續建立，包括位於新阿姆斯特丹（今紐約市）和新澤西州的殖民區。在17世紀和18世紀里，英國逐漸佔領荷蘭人和其他歐洲殖民者的地區，並在美國東岸廣泛開墾殖民，建立更多的殖民地區。除今天的加拿大外，英國在北美洲共建立了13個殖民地。
在1760年代和1770年代，13個美洲殖民地與英國之間的緊張關系最終引發了革命戰爭，殖民地的代表們在1776年7月4日簽下了《美國獨立宣言》。在獨立戰爭（1775年-1783年）中，喬治·華盛頓領導13個殖民地組成的大陸軍團對抗英軍。殖民地在76年的大會中創立了大陸軍團，但未授權他們徵收稅賦和制定聯邦法律。1777年，獨立的殖民地正式採納邦聯條例，建立了一個聯邦的主權國家、以及行使管理權的聯邦政府，並批准了美國憲法。經歷艱苦的獨立戰爭後，大陸軍團終於擊敗英軍，英國於1783年簽下了巴黎條約，正式承認美國的獨立。
從1803年至1848年，新成立的美國的面積幾乎擴大了三倍，殖民者們胸懷新的共和國「註定擴展至整個大陸」的理想，朝廣闊無際的原野拓展，甚至在「路易西安納購地」之前便已深入內陸。這種擴展在1812年戰爭時遭到了短暫的阻撓，但很快隨著戰爭的勝利而繼續進行。1848年美國贏得了美墨戰爭，更增強了殖民者們擴展國土的理想。
隨著國家的不斷擴展和發展，一個新的問題也逐漸浮現，北方掌控的聯邦政府與南方的州政府在蓄奴問題和州權上產生分歧：北方州反對奴隸制度的擴展；而南方州反對北方州干涉其生活方式，因為他們的棉花經濟產業是全盤依賴於奴隸制度的。在亞伯拉罕·林肯於1860年當選總統後，沖突徹底爆發，南卡羅來納州成為第一個宣布脫離聯邦的州，六個南部州也相繼分離，於1861年成立美利堅聯盟國以對抗聯邦政府。美國內戰以聯邦在1865年取得勝利告終，同時終結了奴隸制度、以及州是否有權脫離聯邦的爭議。這場內戰成為美國歷史的主要分水嶺，聯邦政府的權力從此大為增加。
內戰期間的科技發展，加上來自歐洲的大量移民潮，為美國的新興產業提供了大量的勞動力，以前無人開發的區域開創了許多社區和城市，加速了美國的工業發展以及邁向國際強權的進程。接著，美國在海外進行了許多帝國主義的冒險，包括在美西戰爭勝利後吞並了波多黎各和菲律賓，使美國成為世界主要的列強之一。
第一次世界大戰於1914年爆發，美國最初保持中立；由於德國發動的無限制潛艇戰擊沉在大西洋航行的美國船隻，造成許多美國平民的無辜死傷，激怒了美國大眾。在戰爭最後階段美國加入協約國以對抗同盟國。由於歷史原因，美國大眾對於英國和法國較為同情，雖然有部分德裔和愛爾蘭裔反對介入。為了保護美國投資者和聯邦政府在歐洲的大量投資也是美國參戰的主因之一。在美國於1917年參戰後，戰局隨即扭轉，使協約國在1918年獲勝。戰後，擔心過度捲入歐洲事務，美國參議院並未批准協約國制裁同盟國的凡爾賽條約；相反，美國採取了孤立主義政策。
戰爭使歐洲國家元氣大傷，卻帶給美國帶來大量財富和聲望。在幾乎整個1920年代，農產品價格不斷降低，工業利潤大幅增長，美國經濟發展得異常繁榮。這波經濟成長還被信貸上升和股票市場的興盛推波助瀾，終於令股市在1929年大崩盤，隨之而來的是經濟大恐慌。為了復甦經濟，富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福政府實行新政，大幅增加政府對經濟的干預。然而新政卻沒有完全生效，美國經濟直到第二次世界大戰後才徹底復甦。在日本偷襲珍珠港後，美國加入反法西斯同盟以對抗軸心國。接下來的戰爭成為美國歷史上代價最高昂的一場戰爭，然而前線和大後方創造的大量工作機會、以及軍工產業帶動的生產復甦，使美國經濟完全走出了大恐慌的陰霾。美國婦女也因此大規模踏入工作職場
在戰爭勝利後，美國和蘇聯的沖突逐漸浮現，美國代表的是資本主義和自由民主制，而蘇聯則代表共產主義和計劃經濟，蘇聯的崛起和意識形態的沖突造成了1940年代末期開始的冷戰。兩國在許多地區和國家進行一連串代理人戰爭，包括了朝鮮戰爭、越南戰爭、幾乎觸發核大戰的古巴導彈危機、以及阿富汗戰爭。
由於警覺到與蘇聯的太空競賽上的落後，美國政府開始大力培養數學和科學的精英人才，在美國國家航空航天局的努力下，於1969年第一次成功派人登上月球。
在美國國內，城市化的發展逐漸完成，美國社會經歷了一段時期的持續經濟擴展。同時，美國社會的種族歧視現象逐漸受到重視，尤其是在南方。從1950年代開始，這些歧視受到馬丁·路德·金等人領導的民權運動的挑戰，最後終於廢除了南方各州的種族隔離法律。
經歷1970年代石油危機引發的經濟衰退後，美國經濟於1980年代開始茁壯的復甦。蘇聯在1991年徹底垮台，使美國成為世界上唯一的超級大國。美國依然繼續派兵參與海外的戰爭，例如1991年的波斯灣戰爭。在1990年代，拜數字化革命以及網際網路製造的大量工作機會和技術變革之賜，美國經濟展開了史無前例的繁榮成長，新興的矽谷成為世界資訊產業的龍頭重鎮。 兩次世界大戰，不僅重創了新興大國德國和日本，同時也使傳統大國英國和法國失去了對世界格局的支配權。當時的世界，除了美國和蘇聯，其他工業化國家都風光不再。美國在戰後的工業總產值佔到了世界總量的一半以上，並且在全世界范圍內建立了以美元為中心的國際金融體系，同時，它還向世界50個國家和地區派駐了軍隊。
第二次世界大戰成為美國歷史新的轉折點。獨一無二的綜合實力，使美國擺脫了第一次世界大戰後企圖安排世界秩序卻無果而終的尷尬，開始按照有利於自己的方式主導國際秩序，並最終在20世紀後期，成為一個超級大國。

在21世紀開端發生的九一一襲擊事件，使美國的外交政策集中於對付恐怖主義威脅。美國政府開始了反恐戰爭和行動，在2001年10月推翻阿富汗塔利班政權後，又在2003年發動了美伊戰爭，並推翻了薩達姆政權，但伊拉克臨時政府的後續發展及其戰爭合法性的爭議至今仍無定論。

文化

美國文化根植於英屬殖民地時期，但很快便隨著當地的環境發展出獨立而獨特的文化，包括了西班牙-墨西哥的牛仔文化和後來的數波殖民潮的強烈影響—包括歐洲、非洲和亞洲。總體上說，美國文化最顯著的影響來自北歐，特別是德意志、英格蘭和愛爾蘭，以及後來的義大利、希臘、和中歐猶太人的文化影響。原為奴隸的非裔美國人也保存了一些自西非帶來的文化。美國的地理名稱往往反映了英格蘭、荷蘭、法國、西班牙和美國原住民等等的綜合歷史成分。
一個描述美國文化的模型是「大熔爐」：移民帶來自己的文化貢獻，溶入美國文化之中，最終接受一個統一的美國文化。最近常用的模型是「色拉碗」：移民帶來的文化會保持一些自己獨立的文化特徵，而非完全融入原有的美國文化，他們所帶來的文化也會成為美國文化的一部分。現代社會學家對美國文化的目標的認同趨向於多元文化論，而非熔爐，很大程度上放棄了熔爐觀念。
美國烹飪吸收了美國原住民的烹飪法和食材，例如火雞、馬鈴薯、玉米、南瓜，都成了美國文化不可或缺的一部分。而蘋果派、比薩餅、漢堡包原先都是來自或改良自歐洲，現在則是美國速食文化的象徵。墨西哥卷（Burritos）和炸玉米餅（tacos）則源自墨西哥。由非裔美國人在身為奴隸時從非洲引入的「心靈食物」（Soul food）也成了大眾的家常菜之一。目前許多在全球大受歡迎的食物要不是源於美國、便是由美國加以改良並推廣的。
20世紀之前的美國文化從學習模仿歐洲（尤其是英國）逐漸發展到擁有自己的特色，二戰後隨美國經濟軍事政治實力的飛躍，它的文化對全世界、特別是西方世界產生了重大的影響。時至今日，美國流行音樂響徹全球，美國電影和電視則在全球播放。
針對美國文化這種客觀上「入侵」全球的現象，批評聲不絕於耳。由於歐洲文化是其主要來源，很多歐洲人認為美國文化天真幼稚，以法國為首的國家對美國文化的進入一直堅決抵制。而東亞、東南亞、南亞和中東地區的文化傳統與美國又大不相同，深受其影響的有日本等國，另一方面阿拉伯國家則對其有很強的抵觸情緒。同時很多加拿大人和澳大利亞人也對美國文化的同化影響十分擔憂。美國文化的全球地位極大程度上促進了英語的傳播，使其幾乎成為實際上的「世界語」，法國等地則有意在自己能夠影響到的范圍內全力抗擊英語文化的影響。
英文：
The Americas original residents have lived for more than 15,,000 years on this land. Europe starts from 15 century's ends to colonize Americas. In 1607, the first English person colonized the area successfully in the Virginia state establishment. Receives in 20 years, some Holland colonizes the area also one after another to establish, including is located new Amsterdam (now New York) to colonize the area with the New Jersey state. In 17th century and 18th century, England graally seizes the Dutch and other European colonizing area, and widely opens up wasteland in the American east bank colonizes, establishes many colonizes the area. Besides today Canada, England has altogether established 13 colonies in North America.
In 1760 ages and 1770 ages, between 13 Americas colony and England's tension finally initiated the revolutionary war, the colony representatives has signed "the US Declaration of Independence" in July 4, 1776. At the war of independence (in 1775 -1783 year) center, the George Washington leader 13 colonies compositions mainland regiment resisted the English armed force. The colony established the mainland regiment in 76 years congress, but has not been authorized them to levy the taxes and levies and the formulation federation law. In 1777, the independent colony official acceptance confederation rule, has founded a federation sovereign state, as well as exercises the authority federal state, and has authorized the American constitution. After experiences the difficult war of independence, the mainland regiment finally defeated the English armed force, England signs the Paris treaty in 1783, officially acknowledged American the independence.
From 1803 to 1848, US'S area which newly had been established nearly expands three times, the colonizing mind new republic "has been doomed expands to the entire mainland" the ideal, faces the broad 無際 wilderness development, even "buys in the Louis Xi'an natrium" before then already thorough interior. This kind of expansion when 1812 war has encountered the short obstruction, but very quickly continues along with the war victory to carry on. In 1848 US has won the beautiful ink war, strengthened colonizing to expand the national territory the ideal.
Along with the national unceasing expansion and the development, a new question also graally reappears, north the palm controls the federal state in gathers in the slave question and the state power with the south State authority has the difference: North the state opposes the slave system the expansion; But south the state north opposed the state interferes its life style, because their cotton economical instry is overall relies on the slave system. In Abraham Lincoln after 1860 president-elect, the conflict thorough eruption, the South Carolina state became the first announcement to be separated from the federation the state, six south states also one after another separated, established the America association allied country in 1861 to resist the federal state. The American civil war obtained by the federation in 1865 successfully comes to an end, simultaneously ended the slave system, as well as the state whether was authorized to is separated from the federation the dispute. This civil war becomes the American history the main watershed, federal state's authority henceforth greatly is the increase.
The civil war period technical development, comes in addition from Europe's massive immigrations tide, has provided the massive labor forces for US'S emerging instry, before nobody development region founded many communities and the city, has accelerated US'S instrial development as well as steps to the international might advancement. In addition, US has carried on many imperialisms risk in the overseas, including the war victory has annexed Puerto Rico and the Philippines after America, causes US to become one of world main big powers.
The First World War erupted in 1914, US at first maintain neutrality; Because Germany starts the unlimited submarine war attacks and sinks the American ships which navigates in Atlantic, creates many American common people the innocent casualty, has enraged the American populace. Joins the allies in war final stage US to resist the ally. As a result of the historical reason, the American populace sympathize with regarding England and France, although has the part of German lineage and the Irish lineage opposition involvement. In order to protect the American investors and the federal state in Europe's massive investments also is one of principal factors which US enters a war. Entered a war in US after 1917, the war reversed immediately, causes the allies to win in 1918. Postwar, worried excessively is involved in the European business, the American Senate authorizes the allies to punish the ally by no means the Versailles treaty; On the contrary, US has adopted the isolated principle policy.
The war causes the European country vitality big wound, actually takes to US to bring the massive wealths and the prestige. In the nearly entire 1920 ages, the farm price unceasingly reced, the instrial profit large growth, the American economy developed exceptionally prospers. This wave economy grows also prosperously adds fuel to the flames by the credit rise and the stock market, finally greatly is collapsed the stock market in 1929 the plate, following is the economy is greatly panic. In order to recover the economy, Franklin 德拉諾 the Roosevelt government implements the new deal, largely increases the government to the economy the intervention. However the new deal actually does not have completely to become effective, the American economy only then thoroughly recovers after Second World War. Sneak attacks Pearl harbor after Japan, US joins the counter- Fascist union to resist the axis powers. Receives the war becomes in the American history a price most soaring war rear area, however the front and was big the massive work opportunity which created, as well as the war instry instry impetus proction recovers, causes the American economy completely to go out the greatly panic haze. The American women also therefore large-scale tread into the work ty field
After the war victory, American and Soviet Union's conflict graally reappears, the American representative is the capitalism and the free democratic system, but Soviet Union represented the communism and the planned economy, Soviet Union's rising has created the cold war with the ideology conflict which 1940 ages last stages started. Both countries carry on a succession of client war in many areas and the country, including the Korean War, the Vietnamese war, has nearly triggered the nuclear war the Cuban missile crisis, as well as the Afghan war.
Because the vigilance to with in Soviet Union's outer space competition backwardness, the American government starts vigorously to raise mathematics and the science outstanding person talented person, in the American country aerospace bureau diligently under, the first success sent the person in 1969 to land on the Moon.
In the American home, the urbanized development graally completes, the American society experienced section of times to continue the economical expansion. At the same time, the American society's racial discrimination phenomenon graally receives takes, in particular in south. Started from 1950 ages, these discrimination received the civil rights movement challenge which Martin person and so on Luther gold led, finally finally abolished south various states racial segregation law.
After experienced 1970 ages petroleum crisis initiation the economic recession, the American economy started healthy recovering in 1980 ages. Soviet Union thoroughly collapsed in 1991, causes US to become in the world the only superpower. US still continues to dispatch troops to participate in the overseas the war, for example 1991 Persian Gulf war. In 1990 ages, did obeisance bestowing of the massive work opportunity and the technical transformation which the digitized revolution as well as Internet made, the American economy has launched the unprecedented prosperity growth, emerging silicon valley became the world information of instry the main item strategic place. Two world wars, not only has caused heavy losses to emerging great nation Germany and Japan, simultaneously also caused traditional great nation England and France has lost to the world pattern right to control. Then world, except US and Soviet Union, other instrialized country all scenery no longer. US accounted for the world total quantity in the postwar gross value of instrial output one above the half, and has established in the world scope take US dollar as the central international finance system, simultaneously, it also has accredited the army to the world 50 countries and the area.
Second World War becomes the American history new turning point. The unique comprehensive strength, after enable US to get rid of the First World War to attempt the awkwardness which the arrangement world order actually ended without any result, started according to be advantageous to own way leadership international order, and finally in 20th century later periods, became a superpower.
Reply:Continuously ♂ to old - application evil spirit master two levels 4-21 15:53

The culture and history of American
Pop culture.
When you think of American culture, what first comes to your mind? McDonald's? Coca Cola? Levi's? Disneyland? Michael Jordan? Julia Roberts? Many people imagine American culture is a collection of popular symbols like these. Actually, these symbols are only one small part of American culture- "pop culture."
What is pop culture? Well, pop is short for popular. The origins of pop culture can often be traced to popular movies, television shows, music stars and sports figures. Pop culture is also promoted by business and advertising. The most common examples of American pop culture appear among high school and college students. Trends set by famous personalities quickly become part of young people's lifestyles.
American pop culture has spread around the world. One major reason for its popularity is that English is a universal language. English is the language of diplomacy, international business and transportation. Since language and culture go together, learning English means becoming aware of English-speaking cultures. Also, America is a world leader in movies, music and magazines. The kind of American culture communicated in those media is pop culture. Finally, pop culture is easy to package and to export. For that reason, it is easy to "sell" to the world.
Many people assume that American pop culture is what America is all about. Does pop culture reflect the true culture of America? Yes and no. Pop culture does represent a portion of American society-especially urban young people that are tuned in to the media. But American pop culture is faddish and ever-changing. It is an artificial and superficial picture of America. If you want to learn about real American culture, you'll have to go a little farther than McDonald's

4. 英國的簡介（中英文對照）

英國的全稱是大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國，行政區劃包括了英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭地區。除本土之外，其還擁有十四個海外領地，總人口超過6600萬，其中以英格蘭人（盎格魯-撒克遜人）為主體民族，佔全國總人口的佔83.9%。

The full name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Its administrative divisions include England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In addition to the mainland, it also has 14 overseas territories with a total population of over 66 million, of which the English (Anglo-Saxons) are the main ethnic group, accounting for 83.9% of the total population of the country.

英國是一個高度發達的資本主義國家，歐洲四大經濟體之一，其國民擁有極高的生活水平和良好的社會保障制度。作為英聯邦元首國、七國集團成員國、北約創始會員國、英國同時也是聯合國安全理事會五大常任理事國之一。

Britain is a highly developed capitalist country and one of the four major European economies. Its citizens have a very high standard of living and a good social security system. As the head of the Commonwealth, member of the Group of Seven, founding member of NATO, Britain is also one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.

魅力大都市倫敦、歷史文化名城約克、巴斯、坎特伯雷、名校所在地劍橋和牛津、風華旖旎的湖區、還有讓球迷瘋狂的曼徹斯特、利物浦，《哈利波特》的誕生地愛丁堡，《勇敢的心》發生地斯特靈。這些不列顛的標志都在英格蘭地區。

Charming metropolis London, historic and cultural city York, Bass, Canterbury, Cambridge and Oxford, the beautiful lake area where famous schools are located, and Manchester and Liverpool which make fans crazy. Edinburgh, the birthplace of Harry Potter, the place where Brave Heart took place, is Stern Spirit. These British symbols are all in England.

(4)英美歷史文化概況英文版翻譯擴展閱讀：

英國氣候。

英國屬溫帶海洋性氣候。英國受盛行西風控制，全年溫和濕潤，四季寒暑變化不大。植被是溫帶落葉闊葉林帶。通常最高氣溫不超過32℃，最低氣溫不低於－10℃，平均氣溫1月4～7℃，7月13～17℃。年平均降水量約1000毫米。

北部和西部山區的年降水量超過2000毫米，中部和東部則少於800毫米。每年二月至三月最為乾燥，十月至來年一月最為濕潤。英國終年受西風和海洋的影響，全年氣候溫和濕潤，適合植物生長。英國雖然氣候溫和，但天氣多變。一日之內，時晴時雨。

5. 翻譯：英美國家概況

something about European countries

6. 英國歷史、英文的..不要太詳細、大概的概況就可以了。

Barclodiad y Gawres
Barclodiad y Gawres is one of the most impressive of the many prehistoric remains on the Isle of anglesey. This Neolithic chambered tomb has been partially reconstructed, which helps a great deal to give an idea of the site and how it was used. The most historically important feature of Barclodiad y Gawres are the wealth of carved stones, particularly several carved with spiral patterns similar to those found at Bryn Celli D, also on Anglesey. These spiral patterns are unique in Wales, and have more similarity to decorated tombs in Ireland than to other British sites.

大致翻譯：
Barclodiad y Gawres
Barclodiad y Gawres是其中最令人印象深刻的史前遺跡。這個新石器時代chambered墳墓已經部分改造,使大量出出主意的地點以及它是如何被使用。歷史上最重要的特徵是Barclodiad y Gawres雕刻寶石的財富,特別是幾刻螺旋模式相似,也是在布瑞恩Celli D盎格魯。這些螺旋方式都是獨一無二的,有更多的威爾士墳墓相似,裝修在愛爾蘭比其他英國的更接近。

希望對您有所幫助！

7. 英國文化英文介紹 帶翻譯

《英國文學簡史》
小說作者： 佚名
英國是世界文學大國，歷史悠久，成就斐然內，各個時代都產生容了傑出的作家和作品。而... 方便的話 看看這本 電子書
http://www.woai.org/book_362796.html

8. 誰有英美概況英文版，內容包括地理概況、歷史概況、政治體制、傳統與文化。只要考點精講。滿意再加分。

你要書嗎?自考英語專業有英語國家概況,英文的,內容涉及英語國家的地理,歷史,政治體制,文化宗教等諸多方面.

9. 求英文介紹英國歷史100字左右

1、英文

British history began in Germanic and Celtic, and later in England, Wales and Scotland. Its origin can be traced back to Roman rule.

Britain is called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It consists of Northern Ireland and the whole history of Britain is made up of the interweaving of the four regions.

Wales became part of the Kingdom of England in 1535. The defeat of the Spanish Invincible Fleet in 1588 by the Naval Battle of Gravoline frustrated the invasion of foreign Catholic forces.

basically eliminating the threat of Catholicism and consolidating the achievements of religious reform.

In 1640, Britain broke out the first bourgeois revolution in the world and became the pioneer of the bourgeois revolution. The Republic was proclaimed on 19 May 1649.

The restoration of the dynasty in 1660 and the "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 established the constitutional monarchy.

In 1707, England merged with Scotland. Through the Seven Years'War, Britain laid the foundation of the Sunset Empire and gained the hegemony of the sea.

It was merged with Ireland in 1801. After the Napoleonic War, Britain completed the imperial hegemony of the Sunset Empire.

From the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, it became the first country in the world to complete the instrial revolution.

The nineteenth century was the heyday of the British Empire. The colonies occupied in 1914 were 111 times larger than those in the mainland.

They were the first colonial power and claimed to be the "Sunset Empire".

In 1922, the Republic of Ireland became independent, and Northern Ireland remained in the United Kingdom, that is, Northern Ireland today.

2、中文

英國歷史始於日耳曼人與凱爾特人，亦是後來的英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭，其源頭可追溯到羅馬統治時期。

英國全稱為大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國，由和北愛爾蘭組成，而整個英國的歷史也就是由這四個區域的歷史交織組成。

1535年威爾士成為英格蘭王國的一部分，1588年格拉沃利訥海戰打敗西班牙無敵艦隊使英國挫敗了國外天主教勢力的入侵，基本消除了天主教的威脅，鞏固了宗教改革的成果。

1640年英國在全球第一個爆發資產階級革命，成為資產階級革命的先驅。1649年5月19日宣布成立共和國。1660年王朝復辟，1688年發生「光榮革命」，確立了君主立憲制。

1707年英格蘭與蘇格蘭合並，通過七年戰爭英國奠定日不落帝國的基礎，並獲取了海上霸主。

1801年又與愛爾蘭合並。拿破崙戰爭後英國完成了日不落帝國的霸業。18世紀後半葉至19世紀上半葉，成為世界上第一個完成工業革命的國家。

19世紀是大英帝國的全盛時期，1914年佔有的殖民地比本土大111倍，是第一殖民大國，自稱「日不落帝國」。

1922年愛爾蘭共和國獨立，愛爾蘭北部仍留在聯合王國內，即是今天的北愛爾蘭。

(9)英美歷史文化概況英文版翻譯擴展閱讀：

英國歷史大事：

1、英西戰爭

英西戰爭（英語：Anglo-Spanish War；西班牙語：Guerra anglo-española）（1585年–1604年）指西班牙帝國與英格蘭王國之間未經正式宣戰的間歇性沖突。

英西戰爭由多場大范圍戰役組成，起於1585年英國與荷蘭簽訂楠薩奇條約，擁護荷蘭抵抗西班牙帝國的統治。

1587年英國於加的斯率先奪勝，翌年於1588年格拉沃利訥海戰擊退西班牙無敵艦隊，但1589年科倫納·里斯本遠征敗北後情勢逆轉，西班牙在弗洛雷斯海戰重振海軍實力。

而英國分別在以後的1595-1596年西印度群島遠征和1597年的埃塞克斯-羅利遠征決定性失敗。西班牙先後在1596年和1597年派遣兩支無敵艦隊趁勝追擊，但在惡劣的氣候下遭挫。

無敵艦隊戰敗後的十年間，西班牙加強了海軍實力，對後來南美洲貴重金屬的運輸影響深遠。而戰爭在1590年代走入僵局。

1602年英國與荷蘭通過多佛海峽海戰一度獲取英吉利海峽乃至歐洲西部海域的主導權並持續兩年。

1601-1604年西班牙進行了人類史上較為殘酷、血腥的奧斯坦德之圍，經過三年的圍攻，英荷聯軍最終投降，西班牙軍隊拿下了這座城堡，使英荷西三方都想結束戰爭，回到和平。

1604年由腓力三世與新任英格蘭國王詹姆斯一世代表簽訂倫敦條約後畫下句點。西英協議分別停止對愛爾蘭與尼德蘭的軍事介入，且英方放棄在公海上的劫掠行為。

締約兩方皆有達成部分目標，戰後西班牙重獲歐洲西部海域優勢。條約整體有利於西班牙。但整起戰爭過程對兩國財政都造成了相當程度的負擔，而英國則進入40年的萎靡期。

2、薔薇戰爭

薔薇戰爭（又稱玫瑰戰爭；英語：Wars of the Roses；1455年─1485年）是英王愛德華三世（1327年-1377年在位）的兩支後裔：蘭開斯特家族和約克家族的支持者為了爭奪英格蘭王位而發生斷續的內戰。

兩大家族都是金雀花王朝王室的分支，約克家族是愛德華三世的第四子的後裔、蘭開斯特家族是愛德華三世的第三子的後裔。

玫瑰戰爭是約克家族的愛德華三世的第五代、第六代繼承人對蘭開斯特家族的愛德華三世的第四代、第五代繼承人的王位戰爭。

「玫瑰戰爭」一名並未使用於當時，而是在16世紀，莎士比亞在歷史劇《亨利六世》中以兩朵玫瑰被拔標志戰爭的開始後才成為普遍用語。

此名稱源於兩個家族所選的家徽，蘭開斯特的紅薔薇Rosa gallica和約克的白薔薇Rosa ×alba。

戰爭最終以蘭開斯特家族的亨利七世與約克的伊麗莎白聯姻為結束，也結束了法國金雀花王朝在英格蘭的統治，開啟了新的威爾士人都鐸王朝的統治。 也標記著在英格蘭中世紀時期的結束並走向新的文藝復興時代。

為了紀念這次戰爭，英格蘭以玫瑰（這里玫瑰實為歐洲古老薔薇）為國花，並把皇室徽章改為紅白薔薇。

參考資料來源：網路——英國歷史

參考資料來源：網路——玫瑰戰爭

參考資料來源：網路——英西戰爭