鍋爐發展歷史

1. 關於我國鍋爐行業發展歷程以及我國工業鍋爐應用現狀的調研報告

近年來，環保節能成為中國電力工業結構調整的重要方向，火電行業在「專上大壓小」的政策導向屬下積極推進產業結構優化升級，關閉大批能效低、污染重的小火電機組，在很大程度上加快了國內火電設備的更新換代。
前瞻產業研究院發布的《2014-2018年 中國工業鍋爐行業市場需求與投資規劃分析報告前瞻》顯示，至2012年底，單機容量30萬千瓦及以上火電機組佔全部火電機組容量的60%以上。火電行業的「上大壓小」也推動了電站鍋爐向高參數、大容量方向發展。此外，循環流化床、IGCC等清潔煤技術逐漸成熟，應用也日益廣泛，從而推動了CFB鍋爐與IGCC氣化爐的發展。

2. 鍋爐發展史的英文

Boilers is the use of fuel or other energy, geothermal energy, heating the water to become hot water or steam machinery and equipment. Boilers and furnaces, including two major pot, pot is the original meaning refers to the fire on the water heating container, fuel burning furnace is the place.
Generated in the boiler water or steam can be directly provided for by proction and living needs of the heat, and steam power plant can be converted to mechanical energy, or mechanical energy through the generators will be converted to electrical energy. Boilers to provide hot water as hot water boilers, mainly for living, instrial proction is also a small number of applications. Boiler for steam to be generated as the steam boiler, steam generator, also known, often referred to as the boiler, steam power plant is an important component of the power plant are used, ships, locomotives and instrial and mining enterprises.

Under high temperature and high pressure boilers, the importance of security issues. Even the small boiler, in the event of an explosion, the consequences are very serious. Therefore, the material on the boiler selection, design and calculation, manufacture and testing have formulated strict laws and regulations.

Boilers

The development of boilers and furnaces at two aspects of pot.

Half of the 18th century, the steam engine used in the British coal mines, including the Watt steam engine, including the initial stage, the use of steam pressure equal to atmospheric pressure. The second half of the 18th century to switch to higher than atmospheric pressure steam. The 19th century, commonly used steam pressure to about 0.8 MPa. To adapt, the first steam boiler is a water of the large-diameter vertical cylindrical shell pot, then switch to horizontal pot shell, shell in the pan in the bottom of brick furnace burner.

Growing in volume as the boiler, in order to increase the heating surface in the pot to install fire extinguishers in the shell, the front burner in the fire extinguishers, smoke from the fire extinguisher from the back through the row of brick to the chimney flue and pot shell external heating, boiler as the fire extinguishers. Fitted only the beginning of a fire extinguisher, fire extinguishers as a single boiler or boiler Connie Hsu, and later added two fire extinguishers, fire extinguishers as the double boiler or boiler Lancashire.

Around 1830, the availability of high-quality steel proction and expanding technology of fire-tube boilers there. A number of fire-tube shell in a pot, which constitute the main heating surface of boiler, fire (gas) flow in the tube. The water in the pot line shell fitted with as many as possible of the fire-tube, known as the outside horizontal tube boilers burning temper. Its low metal consumption, but requires a lot of masonry.

The mid-19th century, there have been boiler pipes. Boiler heating surface is a pot of water mains outside the shell, replacing the shell itself and the pot pot shell fire extinguishers, fire-tube. Boiler steam pressure to heat the area and the increase in shell diameter pot is no longer subject to the restrictions it will help to raise the boiler pressure and steam evaporation. This boiler pot cylindrical shell was renamed as the drum, or drum. Water tube boiler early just straight pipes, straight pipes and the pressure of the boiler capacity is limited.

Early twentieth century, steam began to develop, it requires the parameters with a high capacity and steam boilers. Straight pipes can not meet the requirements of the boiler. With the manufacturing process and water treatment technology, a water-tube boiler bends. Is the beginning of a multi-drum type. With the water wall, superheater and economizer applications, as well as the internal drum of gasoline and water to improve the separation of components, decreasing the number of drum, not only to save the metal, and concive to raising the boiler pressure, temperature, capacity and efficiency .

Previous boiler fire extinguishers, fire-tube boilers and water tube boilers are natural circulation boilers, water vapor on the rise, decline because of the heat pipe is different, and the density difference caused by a natural flow. In the development of the natural cycle of the boiler at the same time, applications from the beginning of the 30's once-through boiler, 40 ring the beginning of the application of assisted circulation boiler.

Also known as assisted circulation boiler forced circulation boiler, it is in the natural circulation boiler developed on the basis of. Vertical pipe in the installation of circulating pump system to enhance the evaporation of water heating surface. There is no once-through boiler drum, water supply to pump into the economizer, the water wall and superheater heating surface, such as evaporation into superheated steam to the turbine, the various parts of the flow resistance to the pump by to overcome.

After World War II, these two types of boiler developed rapidly, because the requirements of generating units and large-capacity high temperature and high pressure. The development of both boiler is designed to rece or do not drum, small diameter tubes can be used for heating surface can be arranged relatively freely heating surface. With the automatic control and water treatment technology, which is graally taking shape. In the supercritical pressure, once-through boiler is only used in a boiler, 70's single largest capacity of the pressure of 27 MPa with 1300 MW units. Later, the development of assisted circulation by the boiler and once-through boiler compound boiler from the combined cycle.

In the development process of the boiler, fuel type and combustion equipment for the furnace have a great impact. Therefore, not only to adapt to the development of a variety of furnace combustion characteristics of different types of fuel, but also improve the combustion efficiency to rece energy consumption. In addition, the furnace and combustion equipment also requires improving the boiler flue gas to minimize pollutants (sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides)

The early adoption of a fixed shell boiler grate, multi-fuel with high-quality coal and firewood, coal and slag removal are by hand. Straight pipes after the boiler began to use mechanized grate, grate chain which has been widely used. Under grate air never subparagraph "EC warehouse style" development component supply segment.

Early furnace low, low combustion efficiency. Later it was recognized that the structure of the furnace volume and the role of the combustion, the furnace-made high, and the use of furnace arch and secondary air, resulting in improved combustion efficiency.

Power generating units over 6 MW, the layer above the grate burner size too large, the structure of complex and difficult layout, so the use of Room 20 ring the beginning of combustion furnaces, room heaters burning coal and oil combustion. Ground into a pulverized coal from Coal burner later injected into the combustion furnace, the capacity of generating units burning equipment was no longer subject to restrictions. Since the beginning of World War II, almost all of the use of power plant boiler furnace combustion chamber.

The early years of the pulverized coal to create a U-shaped flame. Pulverized coal burner air exhaled in the first drop in the furnace, and then turn increased. Later, a pre-arrangement of the cyclone wall burner, the flame in the furnace to form L-shaped torch. With the increased capacity of the boiler, burner swirl number have begun to increase, can be arranged in both sides of the wall, the former wall can also be arranged. 1930 arranged around a corner in the furnace and most of the way into tangentially fired burner DC.

After World War II, the oil price, widely used in many countries, oil-fired boiler to start. Oil-fired boiler to increase the degree of automation easy. 70s after the oil price increases, many countries have once again shifted the use of coal resources. At this time the capacity of power plant boiler is also increasing demands combustion equipment can not only burn completely and fire stability, reliable operation, low-load performance, and also the need to rece pollutants in smoke.

In the coal (especially lignite fired) power plant boiler used in the staged combustion or low temperature combustion technology, that is, the delay coal mixed with air or mixed gas in the air so as to slow down the combustion or burner to curb spread open temperature, not only inhibited the generation of nitrogen oxides, but also to rece slagging. Boiling temperature combustion is a combustion, combustible with the exception of a very high ash solid fuel, but also mixing in the boiling bed of limestone for desulfurization.

Boiler work

Boiler, said boiler performance parameters are the main indicators, including the capacity of the boiler, steam pressure, steam temperature, water temperature.

Rated boiler capacity available for evaporation or maximum evaporation expressed. Evaporation is rated the required outlet pressure, temperature and efficiency, the unit time for the steam proction capacity. Evaporation is the largest for the export of the required pressure, temperature, the unit time to the maximum amount of continuous proction of steam.

Parameters, including steam boiler steam pressure and temperature, usually refers to superheater, reheater exit of superheated steam pressure and temperature if there is no overheating and Reheater, meaning that the exit of the boiler steam pressure and temperature. Economizer water temperature is the temperature of the water, no economizer inlet temperature when the drum means.

Boilers can be classified in different ways. Boilers can be classified by end-use of instrial boilers, utility boilers, marine boilers and locomotive boilers, etc.; by boiler outlet pressure can be divided into low, medium pressure, high pressure, high pressure, sub-critical pressure, supercritical pressure boiler; boiler by water and flue gas flow path of the fire extinguishers can be divided into the boiler, fire tube boilers and water tube boiler, in which fire extinguishers and fire-tube boiler as the boiler and shell boiler; by a revolving basis, can be divided into the natural circulation boiler, auxiliary boiler cycle (that is, mandatory cycle of the boiler), once-through boiler and combined cycle boilers; by combustion, the boiler room is divided into burning stoves, heaters and boiling layer burning heaters.

In the water system, water heated in the heater to a certain temperature, the water supply pipe into the economizer, and further into the drum after heating, and boiler water mixture downstream along the vertical pipe to the water wall header imports. Water absorption in the water-wall tube furnace to form a soft mixture of radiant heat by the arrival of drum riser, the separation device by soft water, gas separation. Separated from the saturated steam flow from the upper drum to the superheater, to continue to endothermic become superheated steam of 450 ℃, and then to the steam turbine.

Burning and smoke in the wind systems, air blower into the air preheater heating to a certain temperature. In the mill was ground into a certain fineness of pulverized coal from a part of the air preheater by the hot air to carry injected into the furnace burner. Out of the coal burner and air mixture in the furnace with the rest of the hot air combustion, a large number of heat release. Thermal post-combustion flue gas flowing through the furnace order, condensate resie control, superheater, economizer and air preheater, and then after a st removal device, remove the fly ash, the last by the suction fan to the chimney into the atmosphere row.

Boiler structure

The overall structure of the boiler, including boiler and auxiliary equipment of two major parts. Boiler in the furnace, drum, burner, wall superheater, economizer, air preheater, furnace wall structure and composition of major components of the core of the proction of steam, known as the boiler. Boiler in the two most important components are the furnace and the drum.

Also known as furnace combustion chamber, fuel combustion for space. Will be on solid fuel on the grate for the fire-bed combustion furnace known as the layer burning stoves, also known as the fire-bed furnace; will be liquid, gas or ground into a powder of the solid fuel, is injected into the combustion chamber of the furnace of fire known as the Room burning furnace, furnace room, also known as the fire; air will hold its coal combustion was boiling and low-grade fuel for combustion furnace known as the boiling furnace, also known as the fluidized bed furnace; the use of coal particles of air flow so that high-speed rotation, and strongly burning furnace of cylindrical furnace known as the Tornado.

Furnace cross-section of generally square or rectangular. Fuel combustion in the furnace flame and high temperature flue gas to form, so the stove around the furnace wall by the high temperature materials and thermal insulation materials. In the furnace wall on the inner surface of the regular laying of water-wall tube, it will not burn the protection of furnace wall and the flame and high temperature flue gas to absorb the large number of radiant heat.

Furnace designed to take full account of the characteristics of the use of fuel. Each boiler shall be fueled with the original design as much as possible fuel. Burning characteristics of the larger difference in fuel economy when the boiler operation and reliability can be reced.

Drum is a natural cycle and multiple forced circulation boiler, the economizer to accept the water supply, circuit connection to the steam superheater cylinder delivery device described. Traditional drum made from high quality thick steel plate is a boiler in one of the most important components.

Drum's main function is water, soft drinks to the separation of pot ruled out running in the saline water and mud resie, to avoid high concentrations of salt and impurities in the boiler water with the steam entering the superheater and the steam turbine in.

Device includes an internal drum separator and steam cleaning equipment, water distribution pipes, sewage processing equipment such as drugs. Separator device which is to come from the wall and the saturated steam from the water and to minimize the steam in small water droplets carried. , The low-pressure boilers used as a baffle and baffle gap separating coarse components; over medium-pressure boiler in addition to a variety of widely used types of cyclone for the separation of rough, but also with 100 windows, steel mesh or steam, etc. are carried out further separated. Drum water level is also equipped with a table, a safety valve, such as monitoring and protection facilities.

To assess performance and to improve the design, often have to go through the boiler heat balance test. Directly from the efficient use of energy to calculate the thermal efficiency of boiler is a balanced approach is called, from a variety of heat loss to the efficiency of counter-balance method is called counter-balance. Consider the practical benefits of the boiler room not only depends on the thermal efficiency of boilers, but also taking into account the auxiliary boiler and the amount of energy.

Unit mass or unit volume of fuel combustion, the chemical reaction is calculated according to the theory of air known as air traffic demand. In order to make the fuel in the furnace, there are more opportunities for contact with oxygen combustion, the actual volume of air into the furnace is greater than the total theoretical air. Although more air into the incomplete combustion can rece heat loss, but the smoke will increase heat loss, but also exacerbate corrosion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides generated. Therefore efforts should be made to improve the combustion technology for small to minimize the excess air ratio so that the combustion chamber completely.

Boiler flue gas contained st (including fly ash and carbon black), oxides of sulfur and nitrogen pollution in the atmosphere are the material, without purification of their emission targets can be achieved several times indicators of environmental protection provisions of the several dozen times. Emissions control measures of these substances have a pre-combustion, improved combustion technology, desting, desulfurization and denitrification, such as. High chimney with only the area around the chimney to rece atmospheric concentrations of pollutants.

Flue gas st removal of the force used by gravity, centrifugal force, inertia force of adhesion, as well as sound waves, static electricity and so on. Generally used for coarse particle sedimentation and inertial force of gravity separation, at a high capacity centrifugal separation under the regular use of electrostatic precipitators and bag st filter with high collection efficiency. And the Sultan's wet - water film st collector in the droplet adhesion film can fly, can absorb a very high collection efficiency of gaseous pollutants.

The twentieth century since the 50's, people strive to develop comprehensive utilization of ash, Wei of harm. Ash manufacturers such as cement, brick and concrete aggregate and other construction materials. 70s extract from fly ash from Cenosphere, such as a fire-resistant insulation materials.

Boiler future development will further enhance the thermal efficiency of boilers and power plants; boilers and power plants to rece the unit cost of power equipment; to improve the operation of boiler unit level of flexibility and automation; to develop more varieties to suit different boiler fuel; raise the boiler unit and its the operation of auxiliary equipment reliability; to rece environmental pollution.

3. 鍋爐的發展

火力發電是我國主要的發電方式，電站鍋爐作為火力電站的三大主機設版備之一，伴隨著我權國火電行業的發展而發展。
隨著時間的推移，環保節能成為中國電力工業結構調整的重要方向，火電行業在「上大壓小」的政策導向下積極推進產業結構優化升級，關閉大批能效低、污染重的小火電機組，在很大程度上加快了國內火電設備的更新換代。
至2010年底，單機容量30萬千瓦及以上火電機組佔全部火電機組容量的60%以上。火電行業的「上大壓小」也推動了電站鍋爐向高參數、大容量方向發展。此外，循環流化床、IGCC等清潔煤技術逐漸成熟，應用也日益廣泛，從而推動了CFB鍋爐與IGCC氣化爐的發展。
由於歷史原因，我國形成三大電站設備製造基地，上海電氣、哈動力、東方電氣三大集團各自獨立形成大規模成套電站設備研發製造能力，是國內電站設備製造第一梯隊;也是國內鍋爐製造第一梯隊。單從產量上看，三大電站鍋爐製造企業已經占據國內電站鍋爐產品市場份額的60%。

4. 電廠鍋爐的發展概況

由於材料的限制,鍋爐的參數基本已經到了極限,主要是考慮環保的需要,電站鍋爐專都在向脫硫\脫氮等方向發展屬,目前比較成熟的是循環流化床鍋爐;另外,鍋爐控制的自動化,智能化也是一個發展趨勢.至於說核電取代鍋爐,還是別做夢了,中國已探明的能源儲量的60%以上是煤炭,20%以上是石油天然氣,10%左右是水利,只有不到10%是核能和其他能源,還要留點造原子彈,保衛國家,想用核電取代鍋爐還是等下輩吧,當然,上面的數據是以前的了,可是留意一下近幾年的新聞大家就會發現,新發現的能源還是化石燃料佔大多數.

5. 全球電站鍋爐的發展歷史及趨勢

全球現在發展中國家比較多，發展中國家很多聘請日本，有些事中國去做核電的，因為效率高，而且他們空地也大，也能夠滿足國內的電力需求。

6. 鍋爐歷史、現狀、及發展狀況分析

鍋爐的發展分鍋和爐兩個方面。
18世紀上半葉，英國煤礦使用的蒸汽機，包括瓦特的初期蒸汽機在內，所用的蒸汽壓力等於大氣壓力。18世紀後半葉改用高於大氣壓力的蒸汽。19世紀，常用的蒸汽壓力提高到0.8兆帕左右。與此相適應，最早的蒸汽鍋爐是一個盛水的大直徑圓筒形立式鍋殼，後來改用卧式鍋殼，在鍋殼下方磚砌爐體中燒火。
隨著鍋爐越做越大，為了增加受熱面積，在鍋殼中加裝火筒，在火筒前端燒火，煙氣從火筒後面出來，通過磚砌的煙道排向煙囪並對鍋殼的外部加熱，稱為火筒鍋爐。開始只裝一隻火筒，稱為單火筒鍋爐或康尼許鍋爐，後來加到兩個火筒，稱為雙火筒鍋爐或蘭開夏鍋爐.
發展歷史
1830年左右，在掌握了優質鋼管的生產和脹管技術之後出現了火管鍋爐。一些火管裝在鍋殼中，構成鍋爐的主要受熱面，火(煙氣)在管內流過。在鍋殼的存水線以下裝上盡量多的火管，稱為卧式外燃回火管鍋爐。它的金屬耗量較低，但需要很大的砌體。
19世紀中葉，出現了水管鍋爐。鍋爐受熱面是鍋殼外的水管，取代了鍋殼本身和鍋殼內的火筒、火管。鍋爐的受熱面積和蒸汽壓力的增加不再受到鍋殼直徑的限制，有利於提高鍋爐蒸發量和蒸汽壓力。這種鍋爐中的圓筒形鍋殼遂改名為鍋筒，或稱為汽包。初期的水管鍋爐只用直水管，直水管鍋爐的壓力和容量都受到限制。
二十世紀初期，汽輪機開始發展，它要求配以容量和蒸汽參數較高的鍋爐。直水管鍋爐已不能滿足要求。隨著製造工藝和水處理技術的發展，出現了彎水管式鍋爐。開始是採用多鍋筒式。隨著水冷壁、過熱器和省煤器的應用，以及鍋筒內部汽、水分離元件的改進，鍋筒數目逐漸減少，既節約了金屬，又有利於提高鍋爐的壓力、溫度、容量和效率。
輔助循環鍋爐又稱強制循環鍋爐，它是在自然循環鍋爐的基礎上發展起來的。在下降管系統內加裝循環泵，以加強蒸發受熱面的水循環。直流鍋爐中沒有鍋筒，給水由給水泵送入省煤器，經水冷壁和過熱器等蒸發受熱面，變成過熱蒸汽送往汽輪機，各部分流動阻力全由給水泵來克服。
第二次世界大戰以後，這兩種型式的鍋爐得到較快發展，因為當時發電機組要求高溫高壓和大容量。發展這兩種鍋爐的目的是縮小或不用鍋筒，可以採用小直徑管子作受熱面，可以比較自由地布置受熱面。隨著自動控制和水處理技術的進步，它們漸趨成熟。在超臨界壓力時，直流鍋爐是唯一可以採用的一種鍋爐，70年代最大的單台容量是27兆帕壓力配1300兆瓦發電機組。後來又發展了由輔助循環鍋爐和直流鍋爐復合而成的復合循環鍋爐。
在鍋爐的發展過程中，燃料種類對爐膛和燃燒設備有很大的影響。因此，不但要求發展各種爐型來適應不同燃料的燃燒特點，而且還要提高燃燒效率以節約能源。此外，爐膛和燃燒設備的技術改進還要求盡量減少鍋爐排煙中的污染物(硫氧化物和氮氧化物)
鏈帶式鏈條爐排
早年的鍋殼鍋爐採用固定爐排，多燃用優質煤和木柴，加煤和除渣均用手工操作。直水管鍋爐出現後開始採用機械化爐排，其中鏈條爐排得到了廣泛的應用。爐排下送風從不分段的「統倉風」發展成分段送風。
早期爐膛低矮，燃燒效率低。後來人們認識到爐膛容積和結構在燃燒中的作用，將爐膛造高，並採用爐拱和二次風，從而提高了燃燒效率。
發電機組功率超過6兆瓦時，以上這些層燃爐的爐排尺寸太大，結構復雜，不易布置，所以20年代開始使用室燃爐，室燃爐燃燒煤粉和油。煤由磨煤機磨成煤粉後用燃燒器噴入爐膛燃燒，發電機組的容量遂不再受燃燒設備的限制。自第二次世界大戰初起，電站鍋爐幾乎全部採用室燃爐。
早年製造的煤粉爐採用了U形火焰。燃燒器噴出的煤粉氣流在爐膛中先下降，再轉彎上升。後來又出現了前牆布置的旋流式燃燒器，火焰在爐膛中形成L形火炬。隨著鍋爐容量增大，旋流式燃燒器的數目也開始增加，可以布置在兩側牆，也可以布置在前後牆。1930年左右出現了布置在爐膛四角且大多成切圓燃燒方式的直流燃燒器。
第二次世界大戰後，石油價廉，許多國家開始廣泛採用燃油鍋爐。燃油鍋爐的自動化程度容易提高。70年代石油提價後，許多國家又重新轉向利用煤炭資源。這時電站鍋爐的容量也越來越大，要求燃燒設備不僅能燃燒完全，著火穩定，運行可靠，低負荷性能好，還必須減少排煙中的污染物質。

發展收益
2005年全年中國中國鍋爐及原動機製造業實現累計工業總產值154,846,232千元，比2004年同期增長37％；全年實現累計產品銷售收入141,036,704千元，比2004年同期增長35.9％；全年實現累計利潤總額9,696,312千元，比2004年同期增長39.3％。2006年1-12月，中國鍋爐及原動機製造業實現累計工業總產值186,112,488千元，比上年同期增長22.93％；實現累計產品銷售收入173,137,987千元，比上年同期增長26.78％，全年實現累計利潤總額11,905,751千元，比上年同期增長了20.5％；2007年1-2月，中國鍋爐及原動機製造業企業實現累計工業總產值29,052,541千元，比上年同期增長18.61％；實現累計產品銷售收入23,884,869千元，比上年同期增長16.63％，實現累計利潤總額1,419,368千元，比上年同期增長1.7％。
2005年1-12月，全國工業鍋爐累計產量為150,397.90蒸發量噸，與2004年同期相比增長了9.59％；2006年1-12月，全國工業鍋爐累計產量為192,378.44蒸發量噸，與2005年同期相比增長了11.26％；2007年1-2月，全國工業鍋爐累計產量為29,540.58蒸發量噸，與2006年同期相比增長了31.7％。
2005年1-12月，全國電站鍋爐累計產量為321,331.60蒸發量噸，與2004年同期相比增長了37.5％；2006年1-12月，全國電站鍋爐累計產量為514,475.80蒸發量噸，與2005年同期相比增長了9.31％；2007年1-2月，全國電站鍋爐累計產量為52,777.00蒸發量噸，與2005年同期相比增長了11.12％。
2006年，中國蒸汽、過熱水鍋爐進口數量為為9,372,901.00台/公斤，比2005年同期下降54.9％，用匯183,365,503.00美元，比2005年同期下降9％；2006年的出口數量為86,940,454.00台/公斤，比上年同期增長68.7％，創匯325,970,114.00美元，比上年同期增長80.9％；
2006年中國供暖鍋爐進口數量為1,574,525.00台/公斤，比2005年同期增長2.8％，用匯65,961,186.00美元，比上年同期下降6％；2006年的出口數量為2,833,581.00台/公斤，比2005年同期增長20.4％，創匯10,832,594.00美元，比2005年同期增長11.74％。
中國鍋爐製造業取得了長足的進步，目前已可以生產多種不同壓力等級和容量的鍋爐，已成為當今世界鍋爐生產和使用最多的國家。同時，輕工紡織、能源化工、鋼鐵煤炭等鍋爐相關產業的迅速發展給鍋爐行業帶來了廣闊的發展空間和發展動力。

7. 燃油熱水鍋爐發展歷程

燃油熱水鍋爐是指燃料以燃料有為主的鍋爐.燃油熱水鍋爐具有高科技的全自動控制系統，配有多項安全保護裝置，缺水保護、超壓保護、熄火保護、壓力異常保護、煙道超溫保護；結構採用高新技術，它具有體保小，結構緊湊安裝方便，操作簡單，自動調節，把燃料加壓至霧化，微正壓燃燒使其然燃料燃燒的更充分，減少燃料的損失和燃氣的排放，是現代工業用汽使用最便捷，最節能、環保達標產品。 燃油熱水鍋爐的特點 1、採用全濕背中心回焰燃燒結構，此結構爐膽空間大，有效幅射受熱面大，受熱面積最大優化利用，保證了鍋爐的高效節能，濕背式結構後管板不受高溫煙氣沖刷，大大延長鍋爐壽命。 2、螺紋煙管，具有良好的熱伸縮性，科學的氣流設計，爐內溫度場均勻，且有效吸收火焰熱量，有效控制Nox的生成,加之優良可靠的進口燃燒器,使燃料得到安全燃燒,符合國際最嚴格的環保要求. 3、前後煙箱蓋均採用活動煙箱門，爐體內開設人孔、頭孔、手孔，簡化了清潔工作，使維修、養護極為方便。 4、先進的智能全自動控制，全中文菜單液晶屏，人機界面和可編程序控制器，動態圖形化工作運行狀態顯示，用戶只需設定時間參數，選擇連續，定時工作方式，輕松設定，鍋爐即能按所定程序自動運行，負荷調節，自動給水等均為全自動運作。 5標准RS485介面，實現遠程集中控制遠程監控，並可組成多台鍋爐網路，根據負荷變化自動運行。 6、設有多重聯鎖保護，加上又重獨立的水位控制報警、三重壓力保護及報警，確保鍋爐在各種工況下萬無一失，安全到家。 7、蒸汽鍋爐採用下置燃燒機，三回程結構，傳熱面積大，煙管內插擾流片，熱效率高，內置汽水分離器，確保蒸汽品質。 8、進口彩板（不銹鋼）、岩棉包裝。美觀大方，永不銹蝕。

8. 鍋爐的歷史及原理

鍋爐是利用燃料或其他能源的熱能，把水加熱成為熱水或蒸汽的機械設備。鍋爐包括鍋和爐兩大部分，鍋的原義是指在火上加熱的盛水容器，爐是指燃燒燃料的場所。 鍋爐中產生的熱水或蒸汽可直接為生產和生活提供所需要的熱能，也可通過蒸汽動力裝置轉換為機械能，或再通過發電機將機械能轉換為電能。提供熱水的鍋爐稱為熱水鍋爐，主要用於生活，工業生產中也有少量應用。產生蒸汽的鍋爐稱為蒸汽鍋爐，又叫蒸汽發生器，常簡稱為鍋爐，是蒸汽動力裝置的重要組成部分，多用於火電站、船舶、機車和工礦企業。 鍋爐承受高溫高壓，安全問題十分重要。即使是小型鍋爐，一旦發生爆炸，後果也十分嚴重。因此，對鍋爐的材料選用、設計計算、製造和檢驗等都制訂有嚴格的法規。 鍋爐的發展 鍋爐的發展分鍋和爐兩個方面。 18世紀上半葉，英國煤礦使用的蒸汽機，包括瓦特的初期蒸汽機在內，所用的蒸汽壓力等於大氣壓力。18世紀後半葉改用高於大氣壓力的蒸汽。19世紀，常用的蒸汽壓力提高到0.8兆帕左右。與此相適應，最早的蒸汽鍋爐是一個盛水的大直徑圓筒形立式鍋殼，後來改用卧式鍋殼，在鍋殼下方磚砌爐體中燒火。 隨著鍋爐越做越大，為了增加受熱面積，在鍋殼中加裝火筒，在火筒前端燒火，煙氣從火筒後面出來，通過磚砌的煙道排向煙囪並對鍋殼的外部加熱，稱為火筒鍋爐。開始只裝一隻火筒，稱為單火筒鍋爐或康尼許鍋爐，後來加到兩個火筒，稱為雙火筒鍋爐或蘭開夏鍋爐。 1830年左右，在掌握了優質鋼管的生產和脹管技術之後出現了火管鍋爐。一些火管裝在鍋殼中，構成鍋爐的主要受熱面，火(煙氣)在管內流過。在鍋殼的存水線以下裝上盡量多的火管，稱為卧式外燃回火管鍋爐。它的金屬耗量較低，但需要很大的砌體。 19世紀中葉，出現了水管鍋爐。鍋爐受熱面是鍋殼外的水管，取代了鍋殼本身和鍋殼內的火筒、火管。鍋爐的受熱面積和蒸汽壓力的增加不再受到鍋殼直徑的限制，有利於提高鍋爐蒸發量和蒸汽壓力。這種鍋爐中的圓筒形鍋殼遂改名為鍋筒，或稱為汽包。初期的水管鍋爐只用直水管，直水管鍋爐的壓力和容量都受到限制。 二十世紀初期，汽輪機開始發展，它要求配以容量和蒸汽參數較高的鍋爐。直水管鍋爐已不能滿足要求。隨著製造工藝和水處理技術的發展，出現了彎水管式鍋爐。開始是採用多鍋筒式。隨著水冷壁、過熱器和省煤器的應用，以及鍋筒內部汽、水分離元件的改進，鍋筒數目逐漸減少，既節約了金屬，又有利於提高鍋爐的壓力、溫度、容量和效率。 以前的火筒鍋爐、火管鍋爐和水管鍋爐都屬於自然循環鍋爐，水汽在上升、下降管路中因受熱情況不同，造成密度差而產生自然流動。在發展自然循環鍋爐的同時，從30年代開始應用直流鍋爐，40年代開始應用輔助循環鍋爐。 輔助循環鍋爐又稱強制循環鍋爐，它是在自然循環鍋爐的基礎上發展起來的。在下降管系統內加裝循環泵，以加強蒸發受熱面的水循環。直流鍋爐中沒有鍋筒，給水由給水泵送入省煤器，經水冷壁和過熱器等蒸發受熱面，變成過熱蒸汽送往汽輪機，各部分流動阻力全由給水泵來克服。 第二次世界大戰以後，這兩種型式的鍋爐得到較快發展，因為當時發電機組要求高溫高壓和大容量。發展這兩種鍋爐的目的是縮小或不用鍋筒，可以採用小直徑管子作受熱面，可以比較自由地布置受熱面。隨著自動控制和水處理技術的進步，它們漸趨成熟。在超臨界壓力時......太多了，不打了自己看吧http://gzguolu.blogspot.com/

9. 鍋爐的發展史及原理

火力發電是我國主要的發電方式，電站鍋爐作為火力電站的三大主機設備之一，版伴隨著我國火權電行業的發展而發展。

近年來，環保節能成為中國電力工業結構調整的重要方向，火電行業在「上大壓小」的政策導向下積極推進產業結構優化升級，關閉大批能效低、污染重的小火電機組，在很大程度上加快了國內火電設備的更新換代。

前瞻產業研究院發布的《中國電站鍋爐行業深度調研與投資預測分析報告》顯示，至2010年底，單機容量30萬千瓦及以上火電機組佔全部火電機組容量的60%以上。火電行業的「上大壓小」也推動了電站鍋爐向高參數、大容量方向發展。此外，循環流化床、IGCC等清潔煤技術逐漸成熟，應用也日益廣泛，從而推動了CFB鍋爐與IGCC氣化爐的發展。